Suffixes of subjective evaluation

The core of stylistic resources in word formation is suffixes and prefixes of subjective evaluation. They are otherwise called expressive or emotionally expressive. They serve to form forms of nouns, quality adjectives and adverbs with a special, emotionally expressive coloring and expression of the speaker's attitude to the subject, quality, attribute. A shade of diminutiveness is usually accompanied by an expression of endearment, less often - playfulness, irony; a shade of magnification - an expression of rudeness, neglect, disapproval, irony, as well as admiration. A name with a subjective assessment suffix is ​​not always emotionally colored, sometimes it is neutrally colored. Taken from http://syrrik.narod.ru/kozhina.htm

Suffixes of subjective evaluation are more characteristic of oral and colloquial speech than book and written. However, a tradition of stylistic use of suffixes of subjective evaluation has developed in artistic speech. This is also characteristic of the journalistic style of Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - 4th ed. - M., 2002. - 448s.

In folk Latin, formations with diminutive suffixes as more expressive became widespread, which was reflected in the vocabulary of modern Romance languages ​​(Nar. Latin soliculum "sun", French soleil "sun", Nar. taureau "bull", NL apicula "bee", French abeille "bee", NL avicellus "bird", It. uccello, French oiseau "bird", NL auricula "ear" , Spanish oreja, Porto orelha, Prov. aurelba, French oreille "ear", etc.). In modern Romance languages, these words no longer have a diminutive meaning General Linguistics. Forms of existence, functions, history of language, ed. Serebrennikova B. A. - M., 1970. - 600 p.

They convey an emotional attitude to the subject of speech;

Show an emotional attitude to the subject of speech;

Convey the sensitivity of the characters;

Reveal the experiences of the characters;

To create a work close in spirit to oral folk art;

They bring an ironic connotation;

Perform a satirical function;

Cover the true intentions of the speaker;

They help to express disposition towards the interlocutor, to create a relaxed atmosphere;

Give speech an ironic tone;

Reproduce the everyday speech of people;

Reproduce bitter experiences;

They convey the speech of ordinary people, give it a national flavor;

Serve as a means of characterization of the hero;

Classification of subjective evaluation suffixes in Italian

Italian has a rich variety of subjective evaluation suffixes. They are usually divided into 4 categories depending on the connotation that the word acquires as a result of the suffixation process:

However, in Russian, with the help of word-formation tools, you can create much more evaluative meanings. Here are a few examples:

1. size-evaluative suffixes (house - house, house, domino);

2. suffix formations with playful coloring (book);

3. collective nouns with suffixes expressing disdain (soldier, sailor);

4. abstract nouns, which, thanks to suffixes, receive a negative estimated value (sourness);

5. doubling / tripling the suffixes of subjective assessment (daughter);

In Russian, especially in colloquial speech, even interjections and particles are quite often suffixed: bayushki, netushki, etc.

The richest system of suffixes in Russian is ideally suited for expressing a huge range of diverse emotional relationships, not only tender, affectionate, but also many others, for which it is sometimes even difficult to find a definition. The translator is faced with the problem of the untranslatability of the meaning of diminutive suffixes. How to convey the difference between the words “house” and “house”, “gun” and “gun”, “quietly” and “quietly”, “hare” and “hare”, etc.? The complexity of the transfer of subjective evaluation suffixes lies in the fact that their semantics are rich and do not lend themselves to any patterns. In each new sentence, the suffix takes on a different meaning depending on the context. Moreover, as a rule, one suffix conveys at least two meanings (size and ratio). When translating, one must take into account the mentality of the people and avoid redundancy or significant losses. Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - 4th ed. - M., 2002. - 448 p.

§ 22. Formative (diminutive) suffixes in the class of neuter words

Of the total number of suffixes associated with the declension of words of the middle gender, almost half falls on the suffixes of subjective evaluation. Diminutive and endearing forms from masculine words (belonging to the category of inanimateness) also adjoin here in appearance: home, home and so on.). In the forms of subjective assessment, the opposition of the feminine and non-feminine (male-middle) declension of words that do not have the meaning of a person is especially sharply revealed. The category of subjective evaluation in the class of neuter words is expressed by a series of suffixes. These are:

• 1. -k (o)(mainly with a monosyllabic basis) and -k(o)(with a polysyllabic basis) with a diminutive meaning: bucket, ear, child, little lake, cloud, egg, apple etc. Compare: wood, milk. Suffix -k(o) lost productivity.
• 2. Unproductive suffix -ik(o) with the same meaning (attached to stems from words in -tso, -cho and -eso): shoulder, face, wheel and etc.
• 3. Productive suffix and its variants -ts(e), -ts(o), -ets(o) and -its(e) with a diminutive meaning, but with more pronounced shades of sympathy, participation, humiliation or other emotion.

Suffix -c(e), -c(o) joins stems ending in one consonant (not back lingual and not c) or allowing the insertion of a fluent o before a solid final consonant. For example: mirror, little body, stigma(in the cannon) little thing, shlitse, window; word, meat, wine, beer etc. Compare: "finely trim the little business"; "throw a clever knee". Suffix -ets(o) combined with the stems of words that have an accent on the ending and contain two or more consonants before the ending, of which one is soft, for example: linen, letter, coat etc. Suffix -ic(e) combined with stems of words ending in -e or on a group of consonants before o and having an accent on the basis, for example: oil, armchair, dress, health etc.

• 4. Unproductive suffix -yshk (o)(unproductive -yushk (o), a dying variant -ear(o): bread; with even more pronounced expressive nuances (from neuter words to -ro, -lo, -le or a group of consonants oh e): feather, grain, wing, rib, sun, nest, bucket, bottom, speck, pole and so on.

Suffixes -yshk(o), -yushk(o), -ushk(o) it is not "the size of the object itself that is conveyed, but the person's personal feeling for it" (K. Aksakov). In essence, these suffixes already go beyond the first degree of diminutiveness-petting. They are associated with expressive suffixes of the second degree (or degree), like -echk(o). Except suffix -yshk (o) these include:

• 5. Contemptuous-pejorative suffix -ishk(o), -ishk(o): little thing, word(shout out) letter, little man, manor, trough.
• 6. Correlative with -c(o), -c(e) pet suffix -echk(o), -echk(o): word, place and others. But cf. also from the words -me: time, seed, temechko.

Joining the basics of words on -tse, which has lost its diminutive meaning, this suffix forms new forms of these words with a diminutive and affectionate meaning: porch, ring, saucer and etc.

The neuter system, as already mentioned, is adjoined by masculine words with contemptuous-pejorative suffixes -yonk(o) And -ishk(o)(if they do not designate persons) and with an augmentative suffix - search(es).

The following diminutive suffixes are associated with the hard masculine declension:
-ok, -ok, -ek: a voice, a forest, a house, a bowler hat, a bundle, an old man, a cockerel, a staff, a friend, a snowball, a hunchback, a horse, a little man, a seagull, a honey, etc. A variant of this suffix is ​​an affectionate diminutive suffix -shek, -shock. He joins the names ending in -n or -n: ram - lamb: stone - pebble; strap, spine, pocket, etc. But cf. edge. This is a very productive group of suffixes.
-ik (without stress): leaf, nose, mouth, forehead, boat, house, table, falcon, cat, ball, mosquito, etc. Joining simple stems, the suffixes -ok and -ik sometimes form paired forms. Even K. S. Aksakov noticed that the suffix -ik compared to the suffix -ok is more expressive in cases where the parallel forms on -ik and -ok do not undergo lexical differentiation and do not mean different things (cf .: sock and spout; a falcon and a falcon; a bush and a bush; a bridge and a bridge; a garden and a garden, etc.). “... In masculine names, the diminutives -ok and -ik have exactly the same meaning: but where both endings meet, there is a shade. Then the ending in -ok, obviously original, simply expresses a reduced view of the object, while in the ending in -ik one can already hear a joke, and if not yet affection, then courtesy ... it is clear that a reduced, miniature object seems cute.
.: leaf and leaf; a mouth (you can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth) and a mouth; wagon and wagon; peephole and peephole; cloves and carnations; one time and one time; an hour and an hour; cf .: house and house; cf .: tooth (know by heart, learn by heart) and tooth.
However, from most of the words, double diminutives are impossible. For example, from all the bases in the back language (r, k, x), only forms in -ok are produced: sound - sound; fluff - fluff; circle - circle; side - barrel; god - god, etc. From the bases to hissing and c, diminutives are formed with the help of -ik. For example: rain, key, carriage, etc. *
An offshoot of the suffix -ik is the suffix -chik (especially often attached to the bases of words in -ets and to words in -an and -un: boy, pet, nutcracker, suitcase, booth, pocket, etc.). Wed: a sleeve, a corridor, a motor, an abscess, etc.
Due to the bright expressive coloring of the suffixes -ik and -chik, words with these suffixes are not further overgrown with pet suffixes.
Somewhat aside from these suffixes is the affectionate-pejorative productive suffix -ets. In it, even brighter than in the suffix -ik, there are shades of caress, sympathy, humility, humiliation, contempt, familiar participation. For example: a loaf, a zakatets, a frost, a freak, a tovar, a people, a counter, a refusal, etc.
Forms with the suffix -ets are also not raised to the second degree of subjective evaluation.
Expressive suffixes of the second degree with an affectionate connotation:
-ochek, -yochek: voice, gull, bitch, bag, leaflet, old man
* G. Pansky also noted that the freedom to turn into diminutive names through -ok and -ik belongs to the bases ending in all consonants, except for r, k, x, sh, zh, u, h and ts. If the generating base ends in g, k, x, then the diminutives are formed by means of the suffix -ok, -ek (alternating k - h, g - f, x - w): sinner, little man, horn, etc. If the generating the word ends in zh, zhd, w, u, h, and also q, which is replaced through h, then the forming suffix is ​​-ik: ball, hut, finger, etc. 100
shz
etc. This suffix is ​​a combination of the diminutive suffixes -ok and -ek.
The reverse combination - the spread of the diminutive suffix -ik through -ek, -ok - is impossible in Russian.
Unproductive -yshek: peg, sparrow, pimple and some others (cf. adverb side by side).
A review of diminutive suffixes of the hard declension leads to the conclusion that the forms of subjective evaluation are poor here. Expressive suffixes are associated mainly with grammatical classes of the middle and feminine gender.

Suffixes with a diminutive meaning. Suffix examples?

Cute-cute, Eared-eared, yellow-yellow, Little-tiny, cat-cat, Short-short, fast-quick. The first option shows when without a suffix, and the second shows with a suffix.

The diminutive form is organized by adding special suffixes. We often communicate with loved ones by adding these suffixes. echk, -enk. For example: daughter, hare, little book.

Well, I think not all diminutive suffixes are named here, say: UShK, YUShK, used for nouns Mitrofan-ushk-a, Stepan-ushk-a, Antip-ushk-a, kl-yushk-a, ashk-old man- ashk-a, ok-, k - piglet-ok, draft-ok, fire-ek. There must be more options.

In russian language with a diminutive meaning there are many suffixes.

noun will give a diminutive meaning to the following suffixes:

leg, head, dove, handle;

-ik, -ek:

table, square, pencil, broom, wreath;

ok-/k:

slipper, chest, hook, fluff, penk, denk;

-ets-, -its-:

a puddle, a face, an armchair, an oil, a coat, a letter;

-echk-/points:

seed, temechko, imechko, time, strainer, morning, asterisk, tassel, news;




-onk-/-enk-/nk-:

head, fox, little hand, little leg;

-yshk-/-ishk-:

feather, sun, neck, little thing, glass;

-ear-/-ear- :

old woman, girly, winter, pole, volushka;

-onk-/nk-:

little boy, little river, little shop, money, horse, little head;

-chik-:

pocket, cup, dummy;

-ink-:

a speck of dust, a teardrop, a fluff, a dewdrop;

-ashk-:

muzzle, old man.

At adjectives note the suffixes with a diminutive meaning:

enk-/-onk-:

small, quick, nimble, smart, inferior, lgonky.

Derivative suffixes with a diminutive meaning:

Onk- striped, fox, Lizonka;

Enk-zorenka, little path, Sashenka, mama, papa;

Yink-hare, good-bye, good-bye;

In + k - pea, abrasion, straw;

Enk - refugee, sissy, French;

Onk - soul;

Onok - wolf cub;

Ik - key, knife;

Ek - a lock, a piece, a bag;

Ok- top, fist;

Etz - a letter, a gun;

Itz-mitelitsa, beauty, butter, armchair;

Ich + k chanterelle, ladder, onion.

And others.




Here are some diminutive noun suffixes.

SUFFIX -EK- nut,

SUFFIX -IR-ball,

SUFFIX -OK- fool,

SUFFIX POINTS- (-ECK-), -ONK-(-ENK-) jar, spoon, chick, daughter,

SUFFIX -EC- (-IC-) well done, butter,

SUFFIX -ONK- (-NK-), -ONOK- soul, badger,

SUFFIX -INK- top.

House-house (uk suffix), blue-blue (enk suffix), smart-smart (enk suffix) In general, there are a lot of them, you just need to turn on your imagination.

There are several such suffixes in Russian and they are used more often in oral speech, because Not all of us remember the rules when we finish school...))

So these are the suffixes -ink- (-enk-) - hare, Sashenka; -ik- (-ek-, -ok-) - key, bag, cam; -ichk-, (-echk-) fox, morning and dismissive -onk- (-enk-) - little soul.

In the process of teaching the Russian language, schoolchildren get acquainted with the basic information about the modern word-formation system and about historical word-formation. Knowledge of the morphemic composition and the main methods of word formation helps to implement a practical, communicative orientation of learning, expressed in the assimilation of word-formation norms and rules for the use of language units in speech, which generally forms the linguistic instinct of schoolchildren [Theory and practice of teaching the Russian language, Sabatkoeva, 2005]. Acquaintance with typical suffixes for the Russian language improves the linguistic literacy of students.

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Suffixes of subjective assessment in the texts of Prigov D.A. in Russian lessons

In the process of teaching the Russian language, schoolchildren get acquainted with the basic information about the modern word-formation system and about historical word-formation. Knowledge of the morphemic composition and the main methods of word formation helps to implement a practical, communicative orientation of learning, expressed in the assimilation of word-formation norms and rules for the use of language units in speech, which generally forms the linguistic instinct of schoolchildren [Theory and practice of teaching the Russian language, Sabatkoeva, 2005]. Acquaintance with typical suffixes for the Russian language improves the linguistic literacy of students. Such suffixes include suffixes of subjective evaluation. For example, suffixes such as enko / onk, onk / enk, points / echk and others.

In the process of studying suffixes, we turned to the texts of D.A. Prigov - a well-known literary figure, artist, prose writer, playwright and essayist. Dmitry Prigov is the author of a large number of graphic works, installations, many poetry collections and prose books. In Prigov's texts, we noted a large number of suffixes of subjective evaluation, which form not new words, but their forms, often differing from those words on the basis of which they arose, only in emotional and expressive coloring.

For the last time, friends, I'm walking

Under a shower with warm water

And tomorrow - maybe a lattice

Or a foreign country unusual

And maybe much easier -

Turn off hot water Ichk at

And I will be a dirty indecent me

But next to a few oh - then stood nearby

Like a beast dragging his wife

blood flowing fever k u kus

So I'm with a bunch of points oh carrots

I'm dragging myself from the supermarket

Another onion there, maybe a turnip

Echk potatoes and a bag of ik - two

Another bottle of points and there is strong

To make your head spin.
Suffixes in the texts of Dmitry Prigov are very numerous.

In philology, the status of deminutives is problematic: if in the works of A.A. Shakhmatova, L.V. Shcherby, V.A. Bogoroditsky, A.A. Dementieva, L.I. Osipova and other deminatives belong to the field of inflection, then for E.S. Kubryakova, A.M. Rodimkina and others, these are word-formation phenomena [Materials of the international scientific conference, Araeva, 2008].

Suffixes of subjective evaluation are used in the poet's texts both in common nouns and in proper ones. In journalistic publications about Prigov, there are simplified, reducing interpretations of his poetics: "ironic play on Soviet clichés, absurdism, black humor." Prigov's intellectual activity includes a hypertrophied element of reflection, the skills of understanding - not only any of his artistic and even everyday gestures, but also their context, situational and historical [Sorokin, 2007].
For many names in Prigov's texts, especially for those whose stem of the short form ends in a hard consonant, the main unmarked pet form is most often formed with the help of suffixes- points / points. For example:

Eka baby-Lolitochka

Yes, Natasha Rostovochka ...

The poet uses the full and diminutive forms of the personal name of the heroine of V. Nabokov's novel "Lolita". The peculiarity of Prigov's poetry is in his use of precedent names in unusual forms.

However, the -point/-point forms convey more than just "good feelings". Many scientists believe that their main meaning is diminutive, sometimes simply affectionate, especially when referring to children. Forms for these suffixes combine in Dmitry Alexandrovich's texts "something small", good feelings, and a focus on children [Prokhorov, 2007]. The suffix -echka (Natashechka) gives this name something childish, and, as usual, expresses a slight tenderness.

In the position after the hard consonant, the variant -ochk- appears, in the position after the soft consonant - the variant -echk-.

From the point of view of morphology, the suffix -point is a doubly diminutive, and this is also significant semantically, since it implies a small size of the subject of speech and a positive attitude. The form-forming suffix of subjective evaluation -point- is unstressed, and the stress falls on the matting stem [Sirotinina, 2003].

Here I am frying cutlets

I’ll cook a small broth ...;

Here came the smoke echk ohm

The cat came out on the wing echk o….;

He cuts candy points

And puts on bread

Oh, children are points and sick

post-war years;

Mushroom points and we'll fry

And we'll eat with sour cream ...

Such forms as cutlet, porch, ringlet, candy, mushrooms, baby, evoke the world of small children and the emotional aura that arises when communicating with children. Entering this world, an adult experiences a mixture of tenderness, tenderness, playfulness, frivolity, etc. There are quite a lot of such suffixes in Prigov's texts:bottle, bundle(n.), a little (nar.), etc. [Prokhorov, 2007].

Soft short forms (for example, thin, skinny ) are not typical for adults and therefore do not need to be "reduced" when used as an appeal to children. On the other hand, sometimes they also need to be replaced with something more tender and affectionate, this is done in Prigov's tests with the help of suffixes -enk / -onk (For example,stupid, silly, thin). Formative suffixes are unstressed, and the stress falls on the motivating stem.

Low clouds descend over the night pitted road

And I'm a little, thin little boy

I'm running in horror from my parents' house...

With the help of the suffix -enk-, feminine and masculine nouns are formed with a diminutive meaning (small, thin); words with these suffixes are used mainly in colloquial speech.

What is the soul of a cockroach

Poor little guy lives

Hands-legs, feet-handles

Tone little and belly ...;

Do you remember when you came to me

So young

From the cosmonaut corps?

With the same meaning in the formation of common nouns of the feminine gender, the suffix -ka is also used in texts.

I am a little ballerina ka

Living in declining years

My colored cape ka

Has faded all its color ...;

Just think - dirty knives ki,

And then you start building a road ki …

In this case (paths, legs), before the suffix -ka-, there is an alternation of back-lingual consonants with hissing ones (leg - leg, road - path). The emphasis falls on the motivating basis.

Among Russian expressive suffixes, the suffix -ka is the most versatile and elusive. In linguistic literature, this suffix is ​​usually described as pejorative. It is also used in the sphere of proper names [Sirotinina, 2003].

Do you remember this one, Kolka?..;

Looks like you're Katka!

A.V. Suslova and A.V. Superanskaya write that the suffix -ka has retained its original features to this day, which consist in expressing an arrogant attitude towards the addressee and belittling his status in relations with the speaker [Sirotinina, 2003].

With the help of suffixes –onk/-enk in the lines of Dmitry Alexandrovich, feminine and masculine nouns are formed with the meaning of disdain (little book, hut, little boyand etc.). Formative suffixes are stressed.

You hear! Listen, it's raining! -

No, it's crying He to and the eastern one…;

Bloodied father collapsed

Grabbed and embraced me

Tore off my shirt onc u and panties

Foaming from a crooked, grinning mouth...

It is also necessary to note the suffixes -in/-atin, which are quite often found in the poet's poems. The suffix -in- forms nouns with the meaning of one object from a series of identical ones (liliputin), and -atin- forms feminine nouns with the meaning of animal meat used as food, which is called the motivating name of the noun (wolf meat).

These suffixes can be both stressed and unstressed [Efremova, T.F., 1996]. In the texts of Dmitry Prigov, the subjective suffixes –in/-atin are unstressed.

In the process of studying suffixes, we also turned to the suffixes -yachk / -ichk. In the texts of Dmitry Alexandrovich, the suffixes –yachk/-ichk are distinguished in feminine nouns. Word-forming suffixes are stressed.

And maybe much easier -

Turn off hot water Ichk at

And I will be dirty indecent…;

Do you remember we were introduced

With a sea cell one dashing? -

No, I do not remember!

Nevermind…

With the help of the suffix of subjective assessment –ce- nouns with a diminutive meaning are formed in the texts.

In the future, somehow, a baby body

Whispering hotly will press against the calf

Here lies grandfather Yeltsin,

And the leader Gorbachev rests nearby ...

The suffix -ce- is attached to a non-derivative stem. In this case, the alternation [l] - [l`] is observed.

From most of the words with a specific meaning, with the help of special suffixes of subjective evaluation, nouns are formed with various additional emotional shades of the meanings of diminutiveness, endearment, neglect, increase, etc. Unfortunately, not all texts by D.A. The sentence can be used in word-building lessons at school. The poet-conceptualist most of the poems are written for adults, so for Russian language lessons it is necessary to carefully choose texts that will correspond to the topic and the age of the students.

Literature

1. Prigov, D.A. Collection "Housekeeping"

2. Prigov, D.A. Collection "Based on the poetry of Mishukov"

3. Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Lexis / Ed. ABOUT. Sirotinina - 2nd ed. – M.: Editoril URSS, 2003. – 256 p.

4. Prokhorov, Yu.E. Russians: communicative behavior / Yu.E. Prokhorov, I.A. Sternin. - 3rd ed., Rev. – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2007. – 328 p.

5. Prigov, D.A. Collection "Laws of Literature and Art".

6. Sorokin, Vladimir. About the Universe of Dmitry Prigov / http://exlibris.ng.ru/tendens/2007-09-06/8prigov.html.

7. Theory and practice of teaching the Russian language: Textbook for students of higher education. ped. textbook institutions / Ed. R.B. Sabatkoev. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2005. - 320p.

8. Reznichenko L.Yu. On the problem of the motivation of a linguistic sign (some phonosemantic and word-formation aspects of the study of diminutiveness) / L.Yu. Reznichenko // Actual problems of modern word formation. Materials of international scientific. conf. / Ed. L.A. Araeva. - Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2008. - p.60 - 65.

9. Efremova, T.F. Explanatory dictionary of word-formation units of the Russian language. - M: Rus.yaz., 1996. - 638s.

Dudoladova Daria

This work contains an analysis of words with diminutive suffixes in the first chapter of I.S. Shmelev's story "The Summer of the Lord" "Holidays". Deminutives are analyzed from the point of view of the presence or absence of the semantics of size, and the functions of the words of this category in the story are revealed.

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Department of Education of the Administration of the Sosnovsky District

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Sosnovskaya secondary school №2

Research

Functions of deminitives

(words with subjective evaluation suffixes)

In the story of I.S. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord"

MBOU Sosnovskaya secondary school No. 2

Dudoladova Daria Andreevna

Scientific director:

Teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU Sosnovskaya secondary school No. 2

Kalmina Tatyana Vladimirovna

Sosnovskoe 2016

Page

Introduction 3-5

Chapter I

1. Autobiographical and meaningful 6-7

story by I.S. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord"

1. The concept of deminutive 8
2. Classification of deminitives in "Grammar-80" 8-10
3. Classification of deminutives in the first chapter of the story "Summer of the Lord" 10-12

Chapter II

1. Presence or absence of value 13-15

Size in words

1. Functions and meaning of deminatives 15-25

in the chapter "Holidays" of I.S. Shmelev's story "The Summer of the Lord"

Conclusion 26-27

Literature 28

Applications 29-34

Introduction

Words with suffixes of subjective evaluation (deminitives) occupy a special place in the word-formation system of the language. The formation and use of deminatives attracted the attention of many researchers, and many works have been written on subjective-evaluative formations. However, many controversial issues remain. In this regard, the deminatives presented in artistic speech need a deep study.

The relevance of the study of the category of subjective evaluation is determined, firstly, by the presence in the Russian language of a huge array of vocabulary with diminutive suffixes, which needs scientific understanding; secondly, by the fact that this is one of the most original and original categories of the Russian language. It is in the story of I.S. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord" that this category of words is used by the author in large quantities. Due to the existence of subjective-evaluative formations, the speaker has the opportunity to name an object, feature or action in one word and evaluate it.

The beginning of the study of subjective-evaluative formations was laid in the first Russian grammar - "Russian Grammar" M.V. Lomonosov . It first describes nouns and adjectives with diminutive and augmentative suffixes. Later, this group of words attracted the attention of such scientists as Buslaev F.I., Shakhmatov A.A., Vostokov A.Kh.

To date, many works have been written on subjective-evaluative formations. Basically, these are articles in which there is no consensus either on the question of the linguistic status of these forms, or on their semantics, or on their organization in the Russian language. Of the monographs, one can name the books of Plyamovata S.S. "Dimensional-evaluative nouns in modern Russian", Rymar R.M. "Lexical and grammatical derivation of nouns of the category of subjective evaluation in the language of folklore". To mark the dissertation of Sheidaeva Svetlana Grigoryevna "Category of subjective assessment in the Russian language" . These studies are devoted to narrow issues of subjective-evaluative word formation.

object of this study are words with diminutive suffixes (deminitives) used in I.S. Shmelev's story "Summer of the Lord".

Subject of study– semantics and functions of deminatives.

Choice of workI. Shmeleva "Summer of the Lord» as a research material due to a number of factors, among which one can single out the understudied work of this work of art, and in particular the use of deminatives; saturation of the text of the story with words with suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Goal of the work - to identify the functions of deminitives in a literary text.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks:

• Classify words with suffixes of subjective evaluation used in I.S. Shmelev's story "Summer of the Lord";
• Analyze deminatives in terms of the presence or absence of the semantics of size;
• Determine the functions of deminatives in a literary text.

To solve the tasks in the study, the following methods:

• Identification of deminatives is carried out using continuous sampling methods;
• When establishing the semantics and functions of deminatives, a descriptive method is used;
• The statistical method is used when counting deminutives.

The source of the material is chapter I story by I.S. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord" - "Holidays". More than 100 words are used for analysis

Chapter I

Emigration strengthened Shmelyov's nostalgic love for the Motherland. The heightened sense of “nationality, Russianness” that had owned him since his teenage years acquired an almost mystical character. Shmelev's longing for his native land gives rise to his desire to recreate its appearance in his works.

Above the story "Summer of the Lord The writer worked for about fourteen years.

We will not find such a Russia as in the “Summer of the Lord” among all the richest Russian literature.

In the work, with the help of skillfully lovingly written scenes and episodes, the life of the Zamoskvoretsky court of the "middle hand" of the Shmelev merchants is recreated. “Everything in the work is shown by rich vision, heart trembling; everything is taken with love, tender, intoxicated and intoxicating penetration. Here everything radiates from restrained, not shed tears of touching blessed memory, - Ilyin I.A. wrote this way. about the trait of Shmelev's talent - attention to a capacious household detail, to a psychologically subtle plastic drawing that recreates the infinitely changeable, but tangible fabric of life " .

And the whole world around is inspired by the look of seven-year-old Vanya who peers into its mysteries with inquisitive, full of love and light, trusting eyes. Vanya receives moral and aesthetic pleasure from the perception of a happy, lively, generous and diverse world.

The narrative from beginning to end is colored with a joyful sense of the many-sided life. The boy comprehends life in the traditions of everyday Orthodoxy, deeply believing in God and spiritualizing, deifying everything that exists. Everything that concerns God is sacred to him. He feels the presence of God in his own way, in his own way, in a childish way, he conveys his impressions.

Little Vanya for the first time discovers many joys and charms of earthly existence. The surrounding world for him is heavenly and at the same time densely earthly, material, saturated with sounds, colors and smells. The world around the boy of "golden childhood" and the motherland is all flooded with golden light.

It is through the child that Shmelev shows interest in the world around him. The story about the ways of forming the child's personality, the spiritual biography of the author, thanks to the high skill of the writer, turned, according to the correct definition of Ilyin I.A., "into an epic poem about Russia and the foundations of its spiritual being" .

Therefore, the story probably uses a large number of words with diminutive suffixes. The writer nowhere replaces the perception of a child with the perception of an adult.

1.3. When describing deminatives, the classification given in Grammar-80 was used. ". She highlights the following formations.

The suffix -EC has a diminutive-petitive or diminutive-derogatory meaning, and with a stronger expression of closeness, sympathy or mockery, for example, diamond, frost, brother. The type is unproductive.

Forms on -EC are replaced by forms on -IK and -CHIK. For example, a ticket - a ticket, a bouquet - a bouquet.

The suffixes -OK-/-EK-/-IK-, -CHIK-/-CHEK- have a diminutive meaning, usually accompanied by an expression of flattery, less often pejorative. Sometimes - only affectionately expressive meaning. For example, a garden, a vessel, a breeze, a scarecrow, a tent, a landlady.

The suffix -IC has a diminutive meaning or only an affectionate one: water, health. Or only a diminutive, for example, a little thing, a sister, a particle.

The suffix -Ц has a diminutive meaning, sometimes with a touch of irony or disdain. For example, dirt, pollen. It also has a diminutive meaning, for example, raisins; only caressing meaning - pancakes, bouquets. The type is unproductive. Words with this suffix are used mainly in colloquial familiar speech.

The suffix -K has a diminutive meaning, usually accompanied by an expression of petting: head, night, lobule. Or only affectionate expressive meaning: a) diminutive: head, slide, mountain ash, cobweb, perinka; b) only a diminutive: picture, bucket; c) only pet meaning: dove, eyebrows, teeth; d) diminutive-pejorative meaning: shkolka, sistemka. Some words of this type have lost their diminutive meaning, for example, fork, needle, net.

The suffix -INK has a diminutive meaning, names single objects: zest, snowflake, teardrop. Also, words with this suffix denote quality, a property of an object with a diminutive meaning: sourness, bitterness.

The suffixes -УШК-/-УШК- have a diminutive meaning: vostryka, dirty girl. It also has an affectionate meaning: little head, poles.

The suffix -POINTS- has a diminutive meaning: cold, knot.

The suffix -YSHK- has a diminutive meaning, affectionate, diminutive: wing, glass, nest, speck.

The suffix -ISK has the meaning of contempt, contempt, sometimes condescending irony, even affection. For example, braggart, kapchishka, thief. Some words of this type have lost their tinge of disdain in their meaning and have acquired a tinge of endearment. For example, brother, son, naughty.

Suffixes -ONK- / -ENK- have the meaning of petting: birch, mama, uncle. Also, words with this suffix have the meaning of disdain: a piece of paper, a woman.

Suffixes -POINTS-/-YOCHEK-/-ESCHEK-. Suffixes of increased expressiveness, for example, lark, wallet. Words with these suffixes are formed as a result of the union of two or more diminutive suffixes.

Adjective suffixes are also used with the meaning of diminutiveness, petting.

Suffixes –ONK-/-ENK-/-OVAT-/-EVAT-. These suffixes express mainly an affectionate and magnifying meaning: poor, big, pretty.

Suffixes –USCH-/-YUSCH- have an augmentative meaning, often express negative emotions: huge, dirty

1.4. In the first chapter of I.S. Shmelev's story "The Summer of the Lord" the following types of deminitives are presented.

The suffix -EC- has a diminutive meaning. For example, a bouquet.

Suffixes - OK-/-ЁК-. By means of these suffixes, nouns are formed with the meaning of diminutive-petting. For example, a voice, a smoke, an evening, a lark, a holiday, a snowball, a breeze, a tubercle.

Suffix -CHIK-. Masculine nouns are usually accompanied by an expression of endearment, have a diminutive meaning. For example, Cossack, orange, hotel, tent, cucumber.

Suffix - IK-. By means of this suffix, nouns are formed with the meaning of diminutive-petting. For example, a rug, a flashlight, a rook, a twig. Some nouns have lost their diminutive meaning, such as rain.

Suffix -IC-. Feminine nouns have a diminutive meaning: little thing; only affectionate: water, health.

Suffix -C-. By means of this suffix, diminutive forms are formed with the expression of petting. For example, a saucer, cloth, pancakes.

The suffix -K- has a diminutive meaning, accompanied by an expression of petting. For example, a head, berezhki, a droplet, an ear, a door, a mountain ash. Or only an affectionate meaning, for example, eyebrows, grass, horse, boots.

The suffix is ​​INK-. Through this suffix, in the words teardrop, wrinkle, bead, feminine nouns are formed, which are the names of single objects with a touch of diminutiveness.

Suffix - UShK-. Words with this suffix have the meaning of petting: hut, head, bread, Arkhipushka, Domnushka.

Suffix - POINTS-/-ECK-. Words are formed with the meaning of diminutiveness-petting, for example, an asterisk, a fold, a frill, a crust, a shelf, an underdress, a window, drawers, planks, candles, a spoon.

Suffix -YSHK-. By means of this suffix, nouns are formed with the meaning of diminutive-petting. For example, a log, a nest, a glass, a rib, a speck, a neck, a sun.

Suffixes -ONK-/-ENK-, -ONK-/-ENK-. Nouns are formed with the meaning of petting, for example, papa, cherry, bell.

Suffixes - POINTS-/-ESCHEK-, - ECHK-/-EARS-/-YSHEK-. Suffixes of enhanced expressiveness are often formed as a result of the union of two or more diminutive suffixes. For example,

Adjectives in the story "Summer of the Lord" are used with the suffix -ENK-. They have an endearing meaning. For example, old, fresh, new, sparse, blush, pink.

Thus, we can conclude that in the first chapter of the story "The Summer of the Lord" the author uses words with different suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Chapter II

1. First of all, let's analyze nouns with diminutive suffixes in terms of the presence or absence of the semantics of size.

In addition to the objective characteristics of an object (its size, shape and position in space), the idea of ​​size also includes the subjective attitude of a person.

1. "The curve is drawn under horsecloth, ... smear hooves ". These nouns do not have the semantics of size, but express only an estimated value and perform an emotionally expressive function in the text.
2. Nounsprayer, worshiper, snowball, breeze, sun, lilies of the valley, little note, sunflowers, papa, grassalso have no size semantics, only an estimated value.
3. « Ride on a raft."The raft is not so small in size. A little boy rejoices at the arrival of spring, so the deminative has an estimated value.
4. Noun droplet . The droplet itself is small, it cannot be too large, so the estimated value prevails here. This means that this word does not denote a reduced object, although it has a diminutive suffix.
5. Deminutive groove . It can be both big and small. In this case, a stream murmurs through it, so the word has the meaning of size.
6. Words rook, thrush, lark, squirreldesignate small objects, therefore, it makes no sense to talk about the dimensional value, the estimated value prevails here. Deminutives express emotional and expressive coloring.
7. « Fat worm ” is not the smallest, which means that the estimated value prevails here.
8. Deminutives belly, foldsused in describing cockroaches. These are small creatures that cannot be bigger or smaller than they really are. Therefore, the estimated value prevails here.
9. Teardrop, brow, bead, zest- small objects, in addition, denote single objects. Deminutives express emotional and expressive meaning.
10. Hut - this is a small house, as well as the affectionate name of the house, which Vanya enters with his father. Therefore, the word has a dimensional meaning.
11. high chair . Vanya is probably sitting on a highchair, and, of course, it is smaller than an ordinary chair. Therefore, here we can talk about the dimensional semantics of the deminutive.
12. little stump - the rest of the candle, it cannot be large, therefore, the estimated value prevails, the word has an emotionally expressive coloring, but the diminutive value is also present (compare: cinder and cinder).
13. "I see white boxes- houses, brown and green planks - roofs, green specks-gardens, dark pipes-sticks, green garden-rugs.Vanya sees all this from the window of his house, so everything seems small to him. He compares houses to boxes, roofs to planks, gardens to spots. Therefore, deminatives have a dimensional value, and also express an emotionally expressive coloring.
14. slop can be both large and small. Apparently, there is a small garbage pit near Vanya's house, which is why he talks about her like that. Here we can talk about the dimensional semantics of the deminutive.
15. Deminutives kisselok, sturgeon, sour cream, pancakes, egg, ham, sausage, cucumbers, crust, kvass, vodka, knot, raisinexpress only an emotionally expressive assessment, they do not have a dimensional value.
16. “... seen in the depths picture ". The picture painted on the Easter egg is small, so here we can talk about the dimensional value.
17. Wreaths of roses. Wreaths hang on images that are relatively small. Consequently, the wreath is small, so in this case we can speak of both an emotionally expressive meaning and an additional dimensional one.
18. Deminutives neck, cheek, nosehave an evaluative value, and also express the semantics of size, since we are talking about a small child.
19. « I'll cut out a spoon for you."Gorkin addresses Vanya with these words, he promises him to cut out a small spoon. Therefore, this word has a dimensional meaning.

Thus, we see that in the text there are both deminatives that have only an estimated value, and words with the semantics of size.

1. In this paragraph, we will pay attention to the main groups of deminatives in accordance with their semantics, and also note in more detail the shades of meanings of deminatives depending on the context, then revealing the functions of words with subjective evaluation suffixes in the text.

1. First of all, it is necessary to single out nouns with the suffix of subjective assessment -К-. This is the most common suffix, which is found in the first chapter of I.S. Shmelev's story "The Summer of the Lord" 66 times.

Deminutive groove has a diminutive meaning, expresses a positive assessment.

"Bright sun, grooves murmur »

For little Vanya, the grooves through which streams flow in early spring seem small. He rejoices at the arrival of the long-awaited spring.

Deminutives horseshave an affectionate meaning, a positive assessment.

“The curve is brought out under the blanket, the hooves are thickly smeared

and put on cloth boots »

All these words are used when referring to the horse of Ustinya's grandmother "Crooked". The boy remembers his great-grandmother, and everything connected with her is dear to him.

« Great-grandmother Ustinya entrusted me with one prayer »

Deminutives vodka, sausage, cabbage, kvass, pies, sturgeonhave an affectionate meaning and express a positive emotional assessment. They are used when describing the Lenten market where little Vanya is going.

“The new boards are crimson, blue, white with milk. Cabbage is laid in rows, crunches on the teeth »

Also words with the suffix-TO- are used to describe holidays. The little hero understands that some mysterious meaning appears in the preparation for this or that holiday. During the holidays, the world acquires its original holiness.

“There are buckets with kvass and cucumbers. This is for a snack with vodka ... Each one has a heel of testicles, yes ham, yes ... everyone will eat fried sausages in fours. And fried buckwheat porridge with onions, drink kvass! And lean pies with mushrooms ... »

Deminutives worm, head, beads, droplets, clouds, logshave an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment. These words are used when it comes to the arrival of spring. The boy rejoices at her arrival, and everything in his environment becomes significant and important.

“I see a fat worm with a black head and beady eyes… »

“I love our puddle, just like Gorkin. You used to sit on the logs, watch the logs float...

Often words with diminutive suffixes are used to describe people dear and close to little Vanya. One of these characters is the carpenter Gorkin. The little boy respects and loves him. Everything in the guise of Gorkin is close and dear to Vanya, therefore deminatives express a positive emotional assessment, have an endearing meaning.

“Gorkin came out, Anton and Deaf also came out, rubbed themselves with a snowball »

“On Gorkina, a blue Cossack boy and shining boots »

“Gorkin snatches an envelope from somewhere under his collar, shakes his beard »

“He was so upset by everything that he didn’t pinch my cheek »

Words berezhki, cobweb, meadowused to describe summer. They have an affectionate meaning, express a positive assessment.

“Our big puddle is now like a pond, its banks are green »

1. -POINTS-/-ESK -.

Deminutive asterisk used when describing the horse "Crooked". It has an affectionate meaning, expresses a positive emotional assessment. The child imagines a small star in the sky and compares the horse's tail with it.

“The tail of the“ Curve ”is sparse, it fluffs into the rump with an asterisk »

Deminutives prayer, spoon, undershirt, folds, stacksthe author uses when describing Gorkin, as well as when Gorkin refers to the boy. Words have an endearing meaning

“From the wax cinder on the box, where coppers stand in piles, the shadow of Gorkin jumps »

Deminutive spoon has a diminutive meaning, since Gorkin promises to cut a spoon for a small child. You can note the shade of sadness in this word.

“I’ll cut out the cherished spoon for you, wait. Will you remember Gorkin »

Deminutives sleigh, coldhave an endearing meaning. Used to describe winter days.

And when describing spring and summer days, the author in the text uses the wordsleaves, jackets, juniper, sand,which have an affectionate meaning, express a positive emotional assessment. Vanya at this time of the year sees something mysterious and new in everything.

“They quarreled with the sand, the junipers, the grasses of the new in Neskushny were cut down »

"Golden and blue morning, in the cold"

“Above the“ chapel ”- still vague birch trees, with black leaves-hearts »

It should be said that from an early age Vanya was accustomed to the church, to religious life. Everything that concerns God is sacred to him. He feels the presence of God in his own way and, in his own way, childishly, conveys his impressions, so the use of deminatives can be noted in the text.candles, pristupochki, roses, wreaths, prayer. These words have an affectionate meaning, express a positive emotional assessment. You can even notice a hint of sadness.

« On the images of wreaths of roses ... »

“And I see, behind the string of days of Lent, the Holy Resurrection, in the lights. Joyful prayer! »

“In the fence there is a canvas tent, with steps. rare candles »

1. Nouns with subjective evaluation suffixes-OK-/-EK-/-IR-/-CHIK-

Deminutives smoke, tent, garden, hillockwith an affectionate meaning are used when describing the hero's home or things and objects associated with the house.

"Father brings me to the hut from which smoke comes"

“Dress the garbage pit with a tent »

And although the garbage pit is associated with a negative assessment, but in the text the word expresses a positive emotional assessment.

“I am carrying a dove and a cross to the kindergarten. They are saints » When describing Gorkin, his appearance, deminatives are usedruble, cossack, scarf, voice,having an affectionate meaning, expressing a positive assessment.

Deminutives vessel, domewith a diminutive meaning and a positive assessment, the author uses when describing the church. The child sees in the distance a still very small dome of the church, which, as it approaches, will increase and grow.

“But now, more clearly ... - I see bell towers, the golden dome of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior »

“The sky is so clear, greenish-blue - the most Bogorodichka sky »

“Let’s take Epiphany water in a vessel”

“Cook Maryushka touches her wet nose »

Deminutive spout has an affectionate meaning, expresses a positive assessment. The word has a connotation of tenderness. Other inhabitants of the house love the boy, treat him with respect.

The words are also used thrush, rook with the meaning of affection. Birds live in Vanya's house, so he treats his feathered friends with affection and tenderness.

"" They poured ant testicles to the nightingales, gave a starling and a thrush each a cockroach »

“I know them by the hubbub ... - the most rooks-rooks »

It is necessary to highlight the deminative flashlight with a diminutive meaning.

“Krapivkin indicates varieties; here is a white filling - if you look at the sun, like a flashlight »

In this context, apples are compared with a flashlight, they are the same round, light, bright.

1. Nouns with subjective evaluation suffixes–INK-/-ENK-

Deminutives tears, bells, chapel, grasshopper, pine, raisinwith a diminutive meaning, a positive assessment is used when describing phenomena, events or objects that we see through the eyes of a child.

"Under the pine cap-cap »

“Every morning I see larks in the dining room: heads with raisins in their eyes look out of the sugar bowl ... »

“Gorkin looks into my eyes, brushes away tears with a rough finger ... »

teardrop deminutive used to express tender feelings for Gorkin, love for him.

1. Nouns with suffixes–IC-/-C-

Deminutives health, senetshave an affectionate meaning, express a positive assessment.

“With Great Lent, eat, sir, in good health ... »

"Smells like hay"

You can note the expression of polite treatment, tone.

Words saucers, bouquets, gold, tree, clothhave a diminutive meaning, express an emotional positive assessment.

« Father dunks the lamb, Gorkin sips from the saucer... » - an expression of love for his father and Gorkin.

“Everyone is in a hurry to collect bouquets »

“Three Saints are sitting with a staff under a tree, and in front of them are apples on the table”- showing respect for the saints.

The boy Vanya is just beginning to live, so everything is beautiful and unusual for him.

1. Nouns with subjective evaluation suffixes - UShK-/-YuSHK-/YSHK-

Deminutives ribs, head, old womenwith the meaning of flattery, even irony, have a positive emotional assessment.

"Different old men-old women - fit and fit »

“You are a squeaker, a squeaker, ... your missing little head! »

“Gorkin, like a martyr, you can see all the ribs »

Deminutives palms, throatwith a diminutive meaning have a positive assessment. With the help of these words, the author describes the appearance of a person, mainly a child.

« They went to the theater, but they didn’t take me: my neck hurts » - an expression of a shade of sadness, regret. Vanya wants to go to the theater with his parents, but he is sick, he was left at home.

“I run, throwing cheesecakes on my palms - they are so hot » . The attitude of the child to the world around him, to himself is shown.

Deminutives sun, bread, log, speckhave an affectionate meaning, express a positive emotional assessment.

“It used to be that Gorkin was sitting on logs, looking…”

“And the sun is already high…!”

"Bread and live now »

Deminutiv bread expresses respect for Russian food - for Russian bread.

1. It should also be noted the useproper nameswith subjective evaluation suffixes–UShK-/-YuSHK-.

Deminutives have an affectionate meaning, express a positive emotional assessment and testify to the respectful attitude of little Vanya to loved ones.

“Arkhipushka told me that other horses respect Curve; always pose-snort! The fan will say! »

Deminutive Arkhipushka shows respect for the faithful servant of the family.

“My old nanny Domnushka goes after Gorkin... »

Deminutiv Domnushka expresses Vanya's love for his beloved nanny.

"Cook Maryushka touches a wet nose.

The little boy loves all the people who surround him, who take care of him. Therefore, Vanya addresses everyone with respect, with affection.

1. In the first chapter of the story "The Summer of the Lord" the names are also used adjectives with subjective evaluation suffixes–ENK-/-ONK-

Deminutives old, ruddyhave an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment. Used in the description of Gorkin.

“But what are the sins of Gorkin? After all, he is completely holy - old and dry, like all saints.

Deminutive spicy also has an affectionate meaning, expresses a positive emotional assessment.

"A sharp chill blows from the icy mountains"

Some deminatives are used with a touch of light irony, but they have an endearing meaning and express a positive assessment.

“Rosy Bazykin fusses, bends the wing of the cherub, covers it with a cloth, tucks it in ... »

Deminitives are also usedgrey, sharp, warmwith the meaning of petting when describing nature and birds. Word grayish expresses disapproval. Vanya does not like this weather, because on this day - Clean Monday - everything in the house is cleaned and cleaned.

"Grey weather, thaw »

“A sharp chill blows from the icy mountains". Deminutive spicy the author uses in a figurative sense.

“... gray and warm in my hands ... ». This author describes the moment when Vanya releases the birds on the feast of the Annunciation. For a boy, this is an important and responsible moment.

Noun with suffix-ENK - daddy has an affectionate meaning, expresses a positive emotional assessment. Vanya treats his father with respect and admires him.

"Daddy ordered »

Deminutives brand new, freshhave an affectionate meaning, express a positive assessment. In the spring, new birdhouses are made for the birds, which marks the arrival of spring. And for Vanya, this is a new period in life.

“We are looking at a brand new birdhouse. He is so tall, light, made of fresh planks »

Thus, it should be noted that the text is rich in words with subjective evaluation suffixes. This is largely due to the life and work of Shmelev himself. The use of deminatives reflects the child's world. He loves the common people, Russia, so "gentleness" and tenderness are felt in every word.

“What beats in me like that, floats in my eyes like a fog? This is mine, I know. And the walls, and the towers, and the cathedrals... and the smoky clouds behind them, and this river of mine, and the black polynyas, in crows, and the horses, and the distance beyond the river of the settlements... have always been in me. And I know everything. There, behind the walls, there is a little church under the mound - I know. And the cracks in the walls - I know. I looked from behind the walls ... when? .. And the smoke of fires, and screams, and the alarm ... - I remember everything! Riots, and axes, and chopping blocks, and prayers ... - everything seems to be a reality, my reality ... - as if in a forgotten dream »

Conclusion

Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn.

1. Deminutives, that is, nouns or adjectives with suffixes of subjective evaluation, are found in large numbers in Shmelev's story.
2. In I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord”, nouns with suffixes of subjective evaluation are most often found.
3. The most productive are the following suffixes:

• -K- - with an affectionate meaning, a positive assessment;
• -OK-/-IK- - with a diminutive value, a positive assessment;
• -УШК-/-ЫШК- - with an affectionate meaning, a positive assessment;
• -POINTS / -ESK- - with a diminutive value, a positive assessment.

1. Basically, in the text of the story there are deminatives with an affectionate meaning. Less commonly, the author uses words with a diminutive meaning.
2. Based on the study, the following functions of deminitives can be noted:

• The use of deminutives in I. Shmelev's story "The Summer of the Lord" isindividual, author's feature. This is a vivid story about life, customs, people of Zamoskvorechye, where the writer spent his childhood. Therefore, it is important for the author to express a personal attitude to the events taking place. Deminutives are used both in the author's speech and in the speech of the characters.
• The use of deminatives in Shmelev's story is connected with the child's world, his impressions of the people around him, objects, native nature. Therefore, one of the functions of deminitives isthe desire to show the world around through the eyes of a little boy Vanya.

Through the eyes of a boy, we see images of golden-domed Moscow, its inhabitants (carpenters, builders, bakers, wandering people). Moscow life - holidays and weekdays, grief and joy - is described with such authenticity and warmth that one can really feel the beauty of the surrounding world, its beneficial effect on the child's soul. All the warmth, all the joy, the happiness of the home are captured in the story, where an adult sees everything through the eyes of a little boy and writes on his behalf.

• The use of deminatives plays an important rolewhen describing specific people, objects, natural phenomena. Basically, the author uses deminatives when describing Vanya's father. It is to Sergei Ivanovich Shmelev that the writer dedicates the most heartfelt, poetic lines.

Words with suffixes of subjective evaluation are used to describe the inhabitants of the house, to describe the seasons. For a little boy, the new season is something unusual and new.

Deminutives are used to describe animals, birds, and also holidays for which great preparations are being made in the house.

That is, everything that is close and dear to Vanya is described in the story with love and tenderness.

These studies can be used in school practice when studying the section "Word formation", as well as specifically when studying the suffixes of nouns and adjectives. We can recommend touching on this topic when studying the story of I.S. Shmelev "The Summer of the Lord." Students should be asked to find words with subjective evaluation suffixes and identify their role in the text.

Suffixes that serve to form forms of nouns, quality adjectives and adverbs with a special, emotionally expressive coloring and expression of the speaker's attitude to the subject, quality, attribute. Suffixes of subjective evaluation give words different shades (affectionate, sympathy, neglect, contempt, humiliation, irony, also a real decrease or increase).

Suffixes of nouns: -ets (brother, frost), -ik (ticket, bouquet), -chik (pocket, little motor), -ok (friend, cockerel), -its-a (water, puddle), - k-a (head, night), -ink-a (mote, dewdrop), -points-a (asterisk, muzzle), -ushm-a (-yushk-a), -utk-o (-yushk-o) (grandfather, little head, uncle, volushka, polyushko), -yshk-o (nest, glass), -ishk-a, -ishk-o (naughty, little earth, little town, life), -onk-a (-enk-a ) (birch-tree, path), -onk-a (enk-a) (book, horse), -g ^-e, -ts-o, -its-e, ets-o (mirror, wine, dress, letter) , -ts-a (dirty, lazy), -ashk-a (old man, muzzle), -in-a (domina, ugly), -igts-e, -isch-a (voice, beard), -very, - echk-o, -ushek, -ymek (leaflet, word, sparrow, peg), etc.

Suffixes of adjective names: -en'i-iy (-onky-y) (kind, sweet, light, poor), , lightly).

In adverbs correlative with nouns and adjectives, there are formations with the corresponding suffixes. Barefoot, side by side, on foot, whisper, in the morning, stealthily, after, jumping; early, little by little, close, etc.

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• Morphemics. Word Formation: Dictionary Reference

• - is created at the expense of suf. –ovat-, -evat-, -onk-, -enk-, -k-, pre- and reduplication prefixes: sweet-presweet...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - By tradition, they include the infinitive affixes -t, -ti on the grounds that: 1) they occur in invariable word forms: play, think; 2) do not express syntactic relations between words in a sentence ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• damp, dark...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"subjective evaluation suffixes" in books

3.3. Application of standard assessment models based on the assessment of processes and levels of maturity of processes for assessing information security

3.3. The use of standard assessment models based on the assessment of processes and levels of maturity of processes for assessing information

3.3.1. Information security assessment model based on process assessment

3.3.1. Information security assessment model based on process assessment When describing the organization's IS assessment process in Section 3.2, the content of the IS assessment model and IS assessment criteria was not considered. These components of the information security assessment process are related to the purpose of the assessment in such a way

Oil history. Suffixes and shampoliks