Ventilation in a private home is approached in the same way as other types of buildings. That is, this engineering system is based on the requirements of sanitary standards, which regulate the degree of ventilation of the room. Each room has a different level of this, so taking into account each room and throughout the house as a whole, a ventilation system is being built.

The importance of ventilation for a residential building

Some private developers believe that it is not necessary to attach great importance to the building ventilation system. And they make a big mistake. After all, the need for air exchange indoors is not only the maintenance of a certain microclimate in the house, which, of course, affects the health of the people living in it, but also the high-quality technical condition of the entire building and its individual structures.

Here are five reasons to judge the need for modern home ventilation.

1. People breathe oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. If there is no constant replenishment of air in the rooms with oxygen, its percentage will fall, the percentage of carbon dioxide will increase, which will lead to weakening of people. This will be especially pronounced in people who are sick: shortness of breath, dizziness and other ailments.
2. Our life is always accompanied by smells. These are not only human odors, but also from cooking, clothing, animals from bathrooms. Here you can add smoking and other bad habits. If you do not organize ventilation in the house, then the mixing of odors will create such an atmosphere that it will simply be impossible to live in the house.
3. Stagnant air is an environment for pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
4. Today, all private homes have bathrooms that are subject to temperature changes, high humidity and various odors. The main requirement for these rooms is the removal of damp vapors, which negatively affect the furnishings of the premises: decoration, furniture, plumbing.
5. Unfortunately, when constructing a private house, building materials that can be said to be harmless to humans are not always used. Or in other words, they are environmentally friendly, that is, under the influence of humidity and temperature they do not release harmful substances into the air. Ventilation will ensure their removal outside the rooms. And this is a very important point.

Separately, of course, it is necessary to say about the kitchen, as the most active room, where all the negative factors described above are present. You can add oil fumes and combustion products to them (if a gas stove is used). It is here that the main ventilation riser needs to be laid; it is in this room that the highest air exchange is required.

As you can see, there are many different factors that confirm the need for a ventilation system in the house. The main thing is to correctly calculate it, taking into account the air exchange in each room. Of course, you need to competently approach the choice of ventilation for a private home.

Norms and requirements

It is prohibited to do ventilation simply by eye, because this engineering system works according to precise rules for the removal of polluted air with an influx of fresh air. And each room has its own air exchange standards. In some of them, the standards are based only on air exchange taking into account its volume. Others use standards for the replacement rate of the actual volume of the room itself. That is, it depends on the size of the rooms, their area and ceiling heights.

A table is provided that compiles the air exchange rates in the rooms of a private house.

If a sauna, billiard room and other rooms that are used infrequently are being built in the house, then the calculation of air exchange is made taking into account the operating conditions of the rooms. In this case, the number of storeys of the building must be taken into account. Because for a one-story house, natural ventilation is the best option if it does not have a large number of rooms operated under specific conditions. For example, the same sauna or a bathhouse attached to the house. By the way, in these rooms the main thing is to properly organize the exit and entry of air masses.

Ventilation device in a private house

According to regulatory schemes (standard), any ventilation system is based on the exhaust and supply of air. That is, one does not exist separately from the other. Therefore, the house must first ensure the removal of exhaust air masses and organize the flow of fresh air from the street.

Quite recently, when plastic windows Haven’t thought about it yet, air flow occurred through cracks and leaks in door and window structures. That is, there was a natural influx, which was taken into account when calculating the ventilation of private houses. Today the situation has changed, because entrance doors and windows are sealed structures through which fresh air does not enter the house. This means we need to find methods and technologies that will provide rooms with clean, fresh air.

In principle, there is no need to look, because such ventilation devices have existed for a long time, only they were previously used at production facilities. Today, these schemes have migrated to private homes and office buildings. The main task is to choose the necessary scheme that will correspond to the internal layout of the house. At the same time, ventilation must be effective in terms of appropriate air exchange, inexpensive and easy to assemble. Of course, the air exchange in the room (in each) is taken into account.

Natural and forced ventilation systems

Today, in private homes, two ventilation systems are used, which differ from each other in the presence or absence of devices that extract or pump air. It's about about ventilators. If it is not in the scheme, it is a natural model, if there is a forced one. The first is also called passive ventilation, because in it the air moves according to purely physical laws, that is, warm air rises up and cold air moves down.

Natural

So, natural exhaust ventilation most often consists of air ducts in the form of risers, which are located in three rooms of a private house: the kitchen, toilet and bathroom. It is from here that exhaust air is extracted from all rooms.

At the same time, there is such a term as the flow of air masses, this is when in some rooms there are risers for exhaust, and in others there are inlet slots or openings. In this case, the air moves from those rooms where supply structures are installed to rooms where exhaust risers are installed. It is this movement of air flow from one room to another that is called crossflow. Special valves that are installed on windows are most often used as supply structures. The gap can be changed in size, which makes it possible to reduce or increase the intensity of air exchange.

Installing natural ventilation in the house is the simplest and almost cost-free option. Therefore, in one-story buildings it is most often used.

Forced

Forced ventilation, also known as mechanical ventilation, comes in several varieties, taking into account the same layout of air ducts. That is, everything will depend on where the fan is installed. There are three such schemes for mechanical ventilation of a house:

• supply;
• exhaust;
• supply and exhaust.

Supply

Supply ventilation in a private house today is more common than others. It's all about the simplicity of the layout of the system elements and ease of maintenance of the equipment. From the name itself it becomes clear that fans are installed on supply air ducts. In small houses one is installed Supply unit in some large room from where it is easy to organize a flow.

In this case, the fan is installed outdoors or duct models are mounted into the wall, which are a pipe with a fan inside. They are usually installed under window sills or at floor level. Here are some requirements for supply ventilation:

1. Exhaust ducts are installed in kitchens, bathrooms and toilets, utility rooms and storage rooms. If the house has a separate laundry and clothes dryer, then installation of risers is also required here. In some houses, men organize a small workshop for themselves. The installation of exhaust ducts is also required here.
2. Supply ducts are installed in all living rooms.
3. In some rooms it is recommended to install both supply and exhaust ducts. For example, in kitchens combined with rooms, in kitchens where a gas hob is used, in boiler rooms where gas boilers are installed, in any other rooms if there are two or more closing doors from the hood.
4. If the second floor is tightly closed from the first floor with a door, then the principles of air removal do not change.
5. If there is no door, then the hood must be installed in the space of the staircase. Supply channels are organized in living rooms.

Exhaust

From the name itself it becomes clear that the fan is installed on the hood. There are quite a few options here. But the schemes and requirements are the same with the supply variety. Although we must pay tribute that manufacturers today have made sure that the exhaust circuit is easy to maintain.

The traditional option for exhaust ventilation is to install fans on the roof, usually in the attic, where they are connected to exhaust ducts. And a short pipe extends from them, like an exit through the roofing material to the street. In this case, the end of the pipe is covered with a canopy against precipitation.

A more modern option is ventilation in the wall. Essentially, these are duct fans that are mounted in the wall under the ceiling. Manufacturers today offer this type of device of varying power, performance and size. So choosing the necessary model to suit the requirements and ventilation calculations will not be difficult.

Supply and exhaust

This type of ventilation system differs from the previous ones only in the presence of fans both at the outlet of the risers and at the input supply ducts. Firstly, we must pay tribute to the high efficiency of the circuit. Secondly, this relates more to disadvantages; this system is completely energy-dependent. And although fan manufacturers offer economical models, you will still have to constantly spend money on operating the equipment.

It should be noted that this scheme can be assembled or organized according to three basic principles: separate arrangement, modular and monoblock.

The first includes a system that includes separate exhaust ventilation and supply ventilation. That is, these are all the same channels with fans for air supply and exhaust. Here it is important to accurately select fans according to their performance so that the balance of the required volume of air inside the house is not disturbed.

The model design consists of air ducts combined into one system, scattered throughout all rooms. And the main module, which includes a fan, filters, sound absorbers and others, is located in the attic. In this case, the wiring is done so that supply ducts located near the floor and exhaust ducts near the ceiling enter each room. The fresh air itself is supplied through one input channel, which is connected to the main unit. If the house is small, then it is better not to use this complex wiring. There are simpler options.

A monoblock system is a single block that includes all the devices indicated in the previous version. This is a small set of equipment housed in a special cabinet, which is installed on the street or in any office space, for example, in a storage room or boiler room. The most important thing is that installing a monoblock with your own hands is not a problem. In this case, special attention must be paid to the installation of supply and exhaust ducts.

Designing ventilation in the house

Designing exhaust ventilation or any other means, first of all, the proper placement of air ducts. The project is drawn up at the design stage of the house itself and is an integral part of the overall project. Therefore, ventilation ducts, especially exhaust ones, are laid immediately at the stage of building a house.

First of all, the main risers are laid in the kitchen, bathroom and toilet, boiler room and other rooms specified above. Installation is carried out from the basement, that is, the ventilation pipe is laid in the foundation of the house and brought to the basement using an outlet. That is, it is installed at the stage of pouring concrete mortar. This, of course, is not a strict requirement, because there are many construction options, it’s just the simplest option.

At the design stage, it is necessary to take into account the volume of air exchange, due to which the cross-sections of ventilation pipes are selected. This is an important point on which the efficiency of the entire system depends. The performance of fans and their installation locations must be taken into account.

Calculation of ventilation in a private house

Let's consider the calculation of natural ventilation as the simplest. To do this, it is necessary to designate two parameters: the minimum amount of air entering from the outside (Qp) and the minimum volume to be removed from the house (Qv). Both table values ​​from SP 54.13330.2011 are the first in table No. 1, the second in table No. 2.

Both are based on the dimensions of the house's rooms. Therefore, the input data is:

• The area of ​​all living rooms (there are three) is 60 m².
• Ceiling height – 3 m.
• Attached storage room – 4.5 m².
• The house has a kitchen, bathroom and toilet, in which the air exchange rate is respectively: 90; 25; 25 m³/h.

First of all, the overall air exchange in the rooms is determined, for which it is necessary to multiply the air exchange of residential premises, equal to 30 m³/h, by the number of rooms - 3. 60x3=180 m³/h. This is the value of the supply volume that passes through the living quarters.

The air exchange values ​​of all utility rooms are added up: 90+25+25=140 m³/h.

The frequency of air changes in the pantry is determined. A multiplicity of 0.2 is used here. That is, you need to multiply the volume of the pantry by this indicator: 4.5x3x0.2 = 2.7 m3/h.

Now we need to add the last two values: 140+2.7=142.7 m³/h. This is the exhaust air volume. Next, you need to compare the exhaust and supply air: it turns out that there is more supply air. We take this as the basis for the calculation.

Now we need to calculate the cross-section of the air duct. For example, if it is square with sides of 10 cm or round with a diameter of 150 mm, then the productivity of such a pipe with natural ventilation is 30 m³/h. If risers of this section are used in the construction of a house, then it is necessary to install: 180/30 = 6 risers. To reduce the number of hoods, you can increase the cross-sections by selecting them according to the air duct performance table.

The principles for calculating other types of ventilation systems are based on the same parameters.

DIY installation

The installation of ventilation in a private house must be approached from the perspective of what system was chosen. If this is a natural model, then the main thing is to lay the risers correctly. You will have to tinker with forced ventilation, especially if it is an extensive network. The simplest option is to install wall fans, for which you simply make holes in the walls with a crown and a hammer drill to the diameter of the pipe, where the equipment is inserted.

From the outside, that is, from the street, the pipe is covered with a canopy and a grill. A decorative grille is installed on the inside. Here it is important to very correctly connect the fan to the electrical supply network. To do this, the walls are usually chipped, where the power cable from the fan to the junction box is laid. True, this is done at the stage of repair or finishing. If the installation is carried out in a renovated room, then it is recommended to lay the wiring in special plastic boxes.

It should be noted that supply and exhaust ducts can be equipped with fans if the house has a comprehensive air exhaust system. In this case, as in the case of calculating natural ventilation, the maximum parameter is determined from two calculated ones: exhaust and inflow. It is on the basis of the calculations made that the fan, or more precisely, its performance, is selected.

It is easy to install a monoblock device. The main task is the correct choice of installation location. As practice shows, preference is given to the street near the wall of the house. Although the option in the office room solves the problem of equipment freezing. This device is convenient because it already includes all the necessary devices that are responsible not only for air exchange, but also for the purity of the supplied air flow.

In general, you can make exhaust or supply ventilation yourself if you carry out preliminary calculations correctly. You cannot select equipment and air ducts by eye. It may happen that their power and cross-section will be insufficient to cope with the volume of the internal premises.

1. If you need the cheapest ventilation system without any complex devices, then choose a natural one. True, it has a couple of drawbacks: in the summer it practically does not work, and in the winter it often freezes.
2. The supply and exhaust circuit is a long length of air ducts, often with complex wiring of the exhaust and supply sections. It is necessary to carry out accurate calculations to select a fan unit. The assembly itself is simple, but the installation process is labor-intensive. Therefore, advice - do not do the installation yourself, let specialists do it.
3. If you decide to organize ventilation at home with your own hands, then it is better to choose wall-mounted duct units or a mini monoblock cabinet.

In the first winter after buying my house, I was faced with an unpleasant problem: the air in it was damp, musty, and the windows were constantly covered with drops of condensation. The reason turned out to be an ill-conceived ventilation system. Today I want to talk about how ventilation should be designed in a private house in accordance with current SNiP, and about my own experience in installing it.

Regulations

What building codes specifically regulate the operation of ventilation in a private home?

1. Mandatory Appendix 4 to SNiP 2.08.01-89 contains standards for air flow through hoods for rooms of different functionality;
2. The manual for designers of engineering systems of private houses is intended to develop and specify the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-84 and 2.04.01-85.

An interesting point: the last two SNiPs have nothing to do with the air exchange of a building with the street and regulate the construction of water supply networks - external and internal. However, the manual addresses the problems of sewerage, heating and ventilation.

Let's get acquainted with the regulatory requirements for the operation of the ventilation system.

SNiP 2.08.01-89

Image	Type of room and air flow rate for it
	Living room: 3 cubic meters per hour per square meter of area.
	Kitchen: With an electric stove - no less than 60 m3/h; With a two-burner gas stove - no less than 60 m3/h; With a four-burner gas stove - no less than 90 m3/h.
	Bathroom: 25 m3/h.
	Toilet: 25 m3/h.
	Combined bathroom: 50 m3/h.
	Laundry: 7 m3/h with an air flow of at least 4 m3/h.
	Dryer, ironing room: 3 m3/h with an inflow of at least 2 m3/h.

The lobbies, halls and corridors do not have their own ventilation. Air exchange in them occurs due to the operation of hoods in adjacent rooms.

Manual for SNiP 2.04.02-84 and 2.04.01-85

This document describes in more detail how to make ventilation in a private house. Here are its key requirements:

• The presence of a ventilation system in an individual house is mandatory. Exhaust ventilation (preferably with natural draft) is provided in auxiliary rooms - bathroom, combined toilet, shower room, toilet. The flow of fresh air into living rooms can be ensured through supply ducts, supply valves in windows or walls, as well as through periodic ventilation through vents and windows;

In houses with loosely fitted wooden frames, the inflow is ensured by gaps in them. This is exactly how the ventilation system was designed in all Soviet-built apartment buildings: ventilation ducts in the bathroom, bathroom and kitchen were responsible for the exhaust, and clean air entered the apartment through large-slit frames.

• All internal doors in the apartment must have a 2 cm gap between the door leaf and the threshold. It is needed for air flow between rooms;

The presence of supply and exhaust ducts in each room makes this requirement optional. In this case, the ventilation systems of individual rooms operate independently of each other.

• Natural exhaust can be supplemented by forced ventilation(centrifugal or axial fans in exhaust ducts);
• If the exhaust dominates the inflow, the difference is compensated by periodic ventilation through the vents;

• If the inflow prevails over the exhaust, the solution is the same - periodic ventilation. But the vents and windows open from the leeward facade (the leeward side of the house);
• In the warm season, exhaust ventilation at home is not regulated: its performance may obviously exceed the calculated values. The limitation of maximum productivity applies only in winter, when the loss of warm air will lead to increased consumption of thermal energy;
• The influx of cold outside air should be organized as close as possible to the heat source. There, the supply air quickly mixes with warm air masses, without creating drafts and cold currents.

Practice

Now I will talk about how to properly make ventilation in a private house, paying attention to practical solutions.

When designing ventilation in the house, take into account the wind rose. The prevailing wind direction will create a pressure difference between the two facades of the house. It is better to place the inflow on the windward side, the exhaust on the leeward side: then the wind will not interfere with the natural circulation of air, but will help it.

The hood is always mounted under the ceiling. The higher the better. Exhaust air, along with water vapor, dust, soot and unpleasant odors, is forced upward by colder masses of supply air. From there it needs to be taken away.

When installing ventilation ducts, make acoustic decoupling between rooms. First of all, the instructions concern plastic pipes: due to their small wall thickness, they tend to resonate, amplifying the sound. A couple of turns of the air duct and its rigid fixation to the main walls at the bend eliminates the spread of noise through the ventilation.

Provide the exhaust duct with a fan. Forced ventilation is more convenient than natural ventilation in that it provides constant performance, which is almost independent of air temperatures in the room and outside, as well as wind direction. Air flow through a ventilation duct with natural draft in calm weather and in strong wind can differ several times.

Use duct fans and hoods with plain bearings and bronze bushings. Their price is 10-30% higher than that of fans with ball and roller bearings, but the noise level during operation is at least half as low.

Organize air flow through the basement or subfloor. The soil below the freezing level and under the foundation of the house has a constant temperature of +10-14 degrees all year round; That's why it's always above zero in the basement. If the supply air enters through the basement, it is heated without any effort on your part.

With inflow through the basement or subfloor, ventilation in a private house can work with strip foundation. If the house is on stilts, the underground has the same temperature as the street.

My experience

Was

So, at the time of my move to the new house the picture was like this:

• Ventilation in the house was carried out only by ventilation through the windows. Constantly working ventilation ducts were absent as a class;
• The air humidity was off the charts. In winter, it is impossible to keep the windows constantly open, and when the windows are closed, all evaporation (moisture from breathing, washing dishes and floors, drying clothes, etc.) remains in the house;
• The windows were constantly covered with drops of condensation;

• The walls in the coldest corners were wet, despite the heating;

• At an air temperature of +18-20 °C, the house was subjectively cold. High humidity increases the thermal conductivity of the air and, subsequently, heat loss through the skin.

It became

After the ventilation for the house was brought into proper condition, it finally became comfortable.

Air condition: dry and fresh.

Smells: disappear within half an hour to an hour after cooking or using perfume.

Condensation on windows and walls: absent.

Subjective temperature: at +18 the air in the house is perceived as warm.

Solutions

Here are the details of the implementation of the ventilation system in my country house.

Basement:

Image	Ventilation channel
	Inflow: window in the basement of the house.
	Hood: vertical shafts in the ceiling between the basement and the first floor. From above they are closed with ventilation grilles with mesh to protect against insects.

Bedroom:

Image	Ventilation channel
	Inflow: a shaft in the floor connecting the bedroom through the ceiling with the basement. Air is supplied to the room at a temperature of about 14 degrees. From above, the supply ventilation grille is blown by the air flow from the air conditioner, which is responsible for heating the bedroom in winter, so you don’t have to worry about cold drafts.
	Hood: ventilation grille in a ventilation duct common to the bedroom, bathroom and kitchen. An exhaust pipe with a duct fan is led out from the ventilation duct to the street.

Children's:

Image	Ventilation channel
	Inflow: gap under the door. Air flows through it from the bedroom, into which it is supplied from the basement (remember, heated to +14 degrees).
	Hood: a duct fan drives air into a vertical ventilation duct shared with the neighbor's house. The bends of the plastic ventilation pipe provide acoustic isolation from neighboring rooms. A dimmer on the fan's power cord allows you to adjust its speed, balancing noise level and performance.

No matter how expensive and good a country house may be, comfortable life in it is absolutely impossible without a well-thought-out ventilation system. Thanks to modern technologies, installing really good ventilation in your home is not a problem. True, it is necessary to take into account several important nuances, because ventilation can have a different design.

Ventilation system selection

Natural

The operation of natural ventilation is extremely simple

This method of ventilating rooms is well suited for houses made of red brick, foam blocks, and gas silicate blocks. In addition, its arrangement will not require any large financial expenses from the homeowner. Such ventilation can work due to the temperature difference between inside and outside the house, as well as due to wind load.

In general, natural ventilation has the following advantages:

• the movement of air flows inside the home is not forced, but naturally, without the use of any auxiliary equipment (this also saves them money on the construction of ventilation ducts inside the building itself);
• the system is extremely simple to operate, so the absence of force majeure and various accidents is virtually guaranteed;
• goes well with other types (with the same air conditioning, for example).

  
  Scheme of a natural ventilation system in a private house

However, natural ventilation also has its disadvantages:

• rather weak air exchange (later this will lead to the formation of mold inside the house, the appearance of fungus, excessive amounts of dust and other unpleasant things);
• harm to human health (the body constantly needs a flow of fresh air, which natural ventilation a priori cannot provide).

In general, this is a cheap, but far from the most optimal option.

Do not be tempted by the cheapness of natural ventilation: it can cause significant harm to human health!

Forced

Forced ventilation is often installed in prefabricated houses

A forced ventilation system is often called “supply and exhaust”. It is usually installed in houses built using SIP panels (so-called prefabricated houses are being actively built with their help today) or expanded polystyrene concrete.

It is also used in houses built using Canadian technology (their builders usually call them “isohouses” or “thermohouses”). Among the advantages of forced ventilation are the following:

• carries out rapid air exchange;
• efficiency (it can be installed in both a small country house and a huge shopping center).

Strictly speaking, such a ventilation system has exactly two disadvantages: it is expensive and difficult to install (and in terms of operation, such a system will require constant maintenance, which, as they say, can also cost a pretty penny).

Example of a forced ventilation device diagram

Mixed

A mixed ventilation system is perfect for a brick house

It is usually used in cases where the use of natural ventilation alone is not possible. A mechanical ventilation system is installed in cases where it is necessary to ensure high-quality air exchange in rooms where the air is very polluted.

This usually applies to the bathroom, toilets, boiler rooms (boiler rooms in private homes mean those places where the boiler is installed, to make it clearer). If you have a very large house (more than 300 m² in area) made of brick, wood or foam blocks, mixed ventilation will also be appropriate there.

True, its maintenance is indeed a very troublesome and expensive matter. Sometimes it is advisable to install an autonomous air conditioning system rather than install a mixed sewer system.

Example of a mixed ventilation system diagram

Ventilation with recovery

Another type of supply and exhaust system. Its main feature is the use of special equipment - recuperators, which partially mix incoming and outgoing air flows.

In fact, a recuperator is nothing more than a standard heat exchanger that takes heat from gases flowing through it (oxygen is also a gas, don’t forget about that). The advantages of such a ventilation system for residential buildings are as follows:

There is only one minus, but it is significant - recuperators cost a lot of money, and service will be required regularly. In this case, we can give only one piece of advice: it is important to calculate everything correctly in advance. For example, installing a recovery ventilation system on a house with an area of ​​less than 80 m² is the height of stupidity and simply short-sightedness.

Scheme of operation of a supply ventilation installation with a recuperator

- a device powered by electrical network. You can spend a huge amount of money on electricity alone. But in large houses such systems would be quite appropriate. In general, there is clearly no way to do this without consultations with engineering and design bureaus.

Ventilation calculation

Regardless of what kind of ventilation system will be installed in the house, the planning and calculation comes down to the following points:

1. Calculation of the required volume of air exchange;

   The more structural features a house has, the more difficult it is to calculate ventilation

2. Determination of air duct sections;
3. Selecting the type of ventilation system itself;
4. Drawing up a master plan for the location of ventilation ducts and shafts;
5. Determining the location where the ventilation equipment will be installed;
6. Determination of air intake and outlet locations;
7. Arrangement of the entire system.

As for air exchange, it will be necessary to determine the exact amount of supply air, its volume, which would effectively saturate living spaces with clean air, while using the minimum power of the entire system. In general, the volume of air exchange must fully comply with all sanitary standards accepted in Russia.

The cross-section of air ducts is, in fact, the most important criterion, although few people pay attention to it. The correct choice of the very shape of the ventilation ducts determines the air quality in the house itself, and in some cases, even the temperature in the room (if it is heated from a traditional Russian stove or fireplace, for example, without the use of radiator heating).

Example of a ventilation design diagram

All main types and varieties of ventilation systems were discussed above. You shouldn’t make your own choice unless the owner of a private house is an engineer. In general, drawing up an engineering plan for ventilation is a very difficult task (for this reason, in design bureaus, by the way, they don’t really like to do such work).

If the house is small, you can use simple natural ventilation; for medium-sized houses, mixed, the simplest supply and exhaust ventilation is suitable, but for buildings with an area of ​​more than 300 m², the most optimal solution to the problem is a recuperative ventilation system.

Drawing up a plan for the location of ventilation shafts is a task that should also fall on the shoulders of engineers. If the ventilation scheme is initially drawn up incorrectly, then serious problems may begin in a residential building: constant excess humidity or, on the contrary, dryness, the appearance of mold, fungi, excessive amounts of dust, the smell of hydrogen sulfide - all this could well happen if the designers make a mistake.

Recuperators are usually used in large houses: their use in buildings with an area of ​​less than 250-300 m² is not always advisable.

Selecting locations for installation, determining locations for air masses to be taken in and out, and complete arrangement of the entire system are the most important stages. And here, oddly enough, it is important to know the specific features of a particular area. For example, in the spring a house is being built and a ventilation system is being installed.

Table with air exchange standards

And as it later turns out, the air intake occurs precisely from that side of the territory where in the summer nearby agricultural enterprises send cattle for walking.

It is clear that wonderful “aromas” and “subtle smells of lavender and musk” in this case will be provided throughout the summer period. Therefore, it is extremely important to pay attention even to such seemingly insignificant and even somewhat funny facts. In general, it’s better not to do it yourself – that’s what specialists exist for.

The main factors for calculating the power of a ventilation system

Actually, there are exactly four most important criteria that directly affect the final power of the entire system:

All residential and non-residential premises must be connected to the ventilation system

1. The number of people regularly living in a residential building;
2. The area of ​​the building itself;
3. The materials of the walls and roof from which the dwelling is made;
4. The volume of air in absolutely all rooms.

As for the number of people, everything is very clear here: only those who regularly live in the house are taken into account. And the more people there are, the more powerful the ventilation system should ultimately be. This is the golden rule, one might say. But the key word here will be “regularly”.

If, for example, we are talking about a dacha where people live seasonally, then the number of people in the house can be ignored, because there is no question of regularity. We can immediately say this: at the dacha it is best to use the simplest, most inexpensive and extremely easy to maintain natural ventilation. Even if the house itself, used as a summer house, is quite impressive in size.

In general, for technical calculations it is customary to use various standards: from SNiP to GOST, but this is not always possible. It is for this reason that it is easiest to calculate the required power of the ventilation system based on the area of ​​the house.

Schematic diagram for selecting the cross-section of air ducts for ventilation

In this case, there is even a “golden rule”; per 1 square meter of building area, 3 cubic meters of air (supply) must be supplied. And then living in such a house will be comfortable. That is, for example: there is a house with an area of ​​85 m². If you use a supply ventilation system, then the norm is immediately known in the calculations: 3 m³ per meter of area.

It turns out that the capacity of the entire system should be 255 m³ in 1 hour. The calculation is quite simple, but it’s much more difficult to build a ventilation system correctly so that it meets all the requirements.

Calculation using approved sanitary standards is always differentiated and it is impossible to say anything specific in relation to any example. Why? For example, according to sanitary standards, the air exchange for a toilet or bathroom should be much greater than for the same kitchen or living room. The easiest way is to take a list of sanitary standards (it can be found in the Housing Office) and make a calculation in relation to each specific situation.

Sanitary standards were drawn up for a reason! Compliance with them is a guarantee that the ventilation system will not cause harm to humans.

But making calculations based on air exchange levels is an extremely difficult task. This should be done exclusively by specialists and professionals in their field.

Diagram of a ventilation system with a recuperator

Typically, such calculations are not used during the construction of residential buildings (they are done during the construction and reconstruction of industrial enterprises, factories, and so on). Although, as you know, every rule has its own various exceptions.

Requirements for air ventilation systems

Checking the correct operation of ventilation is extremely simple. It works well if the following conditions are met:

In general, it is possible to build a high-quality and efficient ventilation system in a house. The main thing is to have a clear and competently drawn up engineering plan that would take into account everything: from the materials from which the house is made to the regularity or irregularity of people living in the building.

You can build ventilation in the kitchen yourself

The plan is drawn up only and exclusively in responsible design and engineering bureaus - and nowhere else! It is absolutely impossible to save on the latter, because in the end it can even come down to human lives. Cases of death due to improperly functioning ventilation are common.

Video

You can watch a video that describes in detail the types of ventilation for a private home, as well as the installation, adjustment and commissioning of the ventilation system. >

A properly built ventilation system for a private home is a process not driven by a whim or desire to comply with the norms and trends of modern housing, but a procedure that is extremely necessary to maintain climate balance. Complexity plays a special role here: it is not enough to arrange ventilation in the kitchen and bathroom (as many do). Every room in the house needs ventilation.

Insufficient air circulation between indoors and outdoors can lead to air stagnation, the formation of fungus and mold, and allergic reactions, heaviness throughout the body and poor health will become dubious “bonuses” in a room without ventilation.

The main types used in private homes are natural and forced, the distinctive features of which are the use (forced) of additional equipment, or ventilation using physical processes (natural).

Advantages and disadvantages of natural ventilation

The main advantage of natural ventilation is the simplicity and low cost of constructing the system, while forced ventilation can boast of more efficient and high-quality work.

Along with a number of undeniable advantages - low cost, ease of implementation - natural ventilation also has disadvantages, which, by the way, are significant. Many construction experts talk about the ineffectiveness of such a system and here’s why:

1. According to building codes, the permissible temperature outside should not be lower than +5 degrees, otherwise the draft will increase and a large amount of cold air will begin to enter the house. According to some data, heat losses from natural ventilation in some cases reach 40% of the total volume.
2. The situation is diametrically opposite to the previous point: if it is too hot outside, air exchange is minimized until air circulation completely stops.
3. There is no way to treat the air coming from the street. The environmental situation in the country and in the world leaves much to be desired. Clean air is more of a luxury than an ordinary thing. Untreated and unpurified air can cause many problems.
4. Ventilation in the room has limited adjustment. While it is still possible to reduce air exchange by tightly closing windows and doors, it is no longer possible to significantly increase it.

Air conditioning is mandatory

To create an effective atmosphere in the rooms of a private house, it is necessary to resort to complexity: the best option there will be a combination of natural circulation with technological developments in this area (fans, filters, etc.).

Why do you need a hood in a private house with a stove or fireplace?

If a stove or fireplace is used in the house not as a decorative element, but performs its direct duties - heating the room, you need to take care of natural ventilation in double. For complete combustion of the fuel, a sufficient amount of oxidizer (in this case oxygen) is necessary. If there is a shortage of fuel, the fuel will not burn completely, releasing carbon monoxide, which will enter the living space. Naturally, there is little pleasant or useful in this.

Ventilation device in a house with a fireplace

If there is not enough air flow, then in the warm season you can open the window - this will be enough. In winter, such a trick is unlikely to work, so even at the construction stage it is advisable to install a pipe under the floor directly to the fireplace, through which the required amount of air will flow.

To organize a hood, they most often resort to the services of experts; this article is aimed at craftsmen who plan to carry out the installation themselves. Next, we will consider the main recommendations for constructing such ventilation, common problems and disadvantages.

How to make a natural ventilation system with your own hands

Natural ventilation works based on physical laws - due to the difference between warm air indoors and cold air outside (warm air is lighter) as well as pressure differences. Based on this, we came up with a simple design that is quite simple to make in a private house: in the center of the future home, most often in a load-bearing wall, a channel with a cross-section of about 130–140 mm is laid. Horizontal branches with a diameter of 100–100 mm are drawn from it into the rooms of the house.

Diagram and design of a system with a ventilation duct

Ventilation system design

Correct installation

Ventilation duct in the wall

To organize wiring they use. Then physics comes into play - warmer room air is under pressure and is drawn out due to traction force, colder street air enters the rooms through specially made channels, or naturally (doorways, open windows, etc.).

Placement of supply ducts in the wall

1. The thickness of the walls of the exhaust duct must be at least one and a half bricks. Otherwise, the air in it will quickly cool and the reverse process will occur - the air will not be drawn out, but will flow into the rooms.
2. The pipe at the outlet of the exhaust duct on the roof must be higher than the ridge. Otherwise, roof turbulence will interfere with the normal operation of the traction.

Bringing the system to the street

The main flow channel, as described above, is done in a standard manner. But the influx of fresh air coming from the street can be organized in two ways - either by making flow channels in the window sills, or by making gaps in the windows. When choosing the second method, it is better to use metal-plastic windows, which have one competitive advantage over wooden ones - an increased level of sound insulation. These measures will be enough to ventilate the house to the required extent.

Fresh air is essential

If we talk about the advantage of using natural ventilation over forced ventilation (filters, radiators, etc.), you need to focus on two points - noise and air frequency.

Natural ventilation does not require additional equipment (at least, you can do without it). This means that there will be no extraneous noise in the house from operating fans and radiators.

Many people, when installing air purifying filters, forget that they require constant replacement. After prolonged use, the filter becomes dirty and the air passing through it is not cleaned, but is supplied with an additional dose of dust and other substances, making it even more polluted. There is no need to control air exchange during natural ventilation - especially since some of the large particles coming into the house from the street along with the air settle on the windowsills, where they can be easily removed with a damp cloth. And if we assume that wet cleaning is carried out in the house regularly, then this should not cause any additional inconvenience.

Video: how to arrange a natural hood

Don't forget about the air conditioning system. A properly organized tandem of natural, forced ventilation and air conditioning will make life in the house comfortable and safe for health.

The secret dream of many of our compatriots is a beautiful country house. Professionals know that at the design stage it is necessary to provide for every little detail, especially communication solutions for the future building. And few people know how to make ventilation in a private house in such a way that it is comfortable to live in at any time of the year.

A well-organized system for the influx and removal of air masses in a living space can provide:

• additional protection of premises from fungal and mold spores, dampness;
• circulation of oxygen in each room;
• comfortable conditions for work and relaxation at home.

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Which rooms require ventilation?

Without access to clean air, the human body is unable to function normally. In a residential building, it is necessary to ensure the flow of oxygen primarily in the nursery, bedroom and living room. Don't neglect the kitchen and bathroom. These small rooms often contain a high concentration of humidity, as well as characteristic odors (most of them not very pleasant), which require release to the external environment.

note! A properly implemented ventilation device in a private home will eliminate the likelihood of dirt, accumulation of dust, condensation, stuffiness, and will also prevent mold and harmful microorganisms from spreading throughout the home..



Features of the implementation of the air exchange system

Traditionally, experts distinguish two types of implementation of air exchange systems in residential buildings:

• natural;
• mechanical (forced);
• mixed (the first type is supplemented with a forced exhaust device).

From the technical side of the issue, home ventilation systems are classified into the following categories:

• functional purpose;
• method of moving air masses (ducted, ductless);
• device that moves air.

But how not to make a mistake in choosing? What kind of cottage ventilation provides comfortable conditions for those who live in it? Note that each option has both obvious “pros” and obvious “cons”. To better understand the problems of the issue, we should dwell on them in more detail.



Natural ventilation of a residential building is determined by the difference in pressure inside and outside the room. The entire process is based on physical laws and does not require human intervention. Its essence is as follows:

1. 1. Since the air temperature indoors is higher than outside, the air becomes light. Due to this, it moves through the ventilation duct to the street.
2. 2. A partially rarefied mass is formed inside the room, facilitating the influx of fresh oxygen through small openings located in the structure of the object.
3. 3. The received masses are heavier in structure. They are located in the lower part of the premises, which is why floor ventilation in a private house is so important and is an integral part of the air exchange system.

note! As the temperature rises, the exchange through the wall occurs faster, especially if it is supplemented by wind.

Modern residential buildings are practically devoid of cracks and small holes, so natural ones, as a rule, do not work in a private house. Inflow is possible exclusively through small valves built into walls and windows.

System advantages:

• No emergency situations. Structural simplicity eliminates the slightest breakdowns or malfunctions.
• Economical. Ventilation in a country house is carried out automatically; additional equipment (and with it financial costs) is not required.
• Flexibility. The device can be easily complemented with air conditioning and filtration solutions.
• Silence.

Natural ventilation in a private house

The natural ventilation system of a private house is not able to provide a forced flow of air, which greatly increases the risk of the formation of fungi, mold, and unpleasant odors. Such “neighbors” not only destroy the building, but also harm people’s health. It is not surprising that in the 21st century they are practically not used. Forced ventilation of the cottage is much more effective.



Forced ventilation system

Photo of forced ventilation

A mechanical system through which air masses are set in motion artificially - through injection devices (compressors, pumps, fans). Such ventilation in a cottage is much preferable. Forced air exchange has the following advantages:

1. 1. Oxygen can be pre-humidified and heated, thereby creating a comfortable environment.
2. 2. Ventilation country house autonomous and in no way dependent on the environment.

As for the shortcomings, they are obvious:

• To organize such a system, additional equipment is required, implementation at the design stage, and electricity costs;
• regular maintenance during operation.

Mechanical ventilation in a private house can be implemented using several methods. Experts distinguish the following types:

• exhaust - “old” air is removed from the room using appropriate mechanical solutions;
• inlet – a private house is saturated with air from the street forcibly;
• supply and exhaust - supply and removal of air masses is carried out mechanically.

Ventilation of a private house. Forced ventilation (general overview).

If we are talking about a fairly large brick house or cottage, it is advisable to choose a mixed type option. Its main advantage is the excellent combination of forced and natural systems.

Proper organization of ventilation in suburban housing

So, how to properly make ventilation in a house and is it possible to carry out all the activities yourself? Proper organization of the air exchange process will improve the microclimate in the living space, as well as maintain the integrity of all structures. Regardless of the room, do-it-yourself ventilation installation in a private house is carried out in several stages:

• determine the volume of clean air required to ensure compliance with accepted sanitary standards;
• calculate the diameter and cross-sectional size for the air duct system - this value will determine the atmosphere in the living space;
• choose the optimal ventilation scheme in a private house (carefully weighing all the advantages and disadvantages of each of them);
• prepare a plan diagram for air channels (a competent approach will ensure effective operation);
• determine where ventilation will be installed in a private house;
• the next step is to install zones for the influx and removal of air masses;
• build the system itself for multi-apartment living space.

Deciding on the optimal system

Photo of a typical project

Professionals emphasize that in a private home it is customary to start at the stage of preparing documentation for future housing. A qualitative criterion for any modern project is the presence of all communications necessary for a comfortable life for people. And in this context, the presence of fresh air is an important component of harmonizing the surrounding space.

note! Not only the ventilation itself in the house is important, but also the speed of movement of the oxygen itself.

Many cottage owners do not perform any preliminary calculations, but equip their homes with powerful mechanical systems. In this case, fans can forcefully cool the interior space. Experts emphasize that exhaust hood in a private home should be natural if there is no need for additional air exchange. Due to its natural nature, it guarantees a natural humidity regime for everyone within the living space.

Proper ventilation in a private house is created with your own hands based on a given norm of volumetric air velocity. If we are talking about a mechanical solution, the corresponding value can vary from 3 to 5 m 3 /hour. The natural system provides a run of up to 1 m 3 /hour. The difficulty is that if the housing has basements, then a compulsory system cannot be avoided.

note ! To pass 300 m 3 /hour of fresh air, you will need a channel with dimensions of 250x400 mm, which corresponds to the standard d 350 mm. However, if you equip a mechanical system, you can stop at a channel of 160x200 mm or d 200 mm.

The video below provides information on how the ventilation system in a country house works:

Ventilation in a private house: calculated data

Ventilation of a private house is based on careful calculations. The determining factors for this approach are:

• object area;
• number of permanent residents;
• volume of air in each room.

Advice! Professionals strongly recommend taking into account all household appliances and technical means, operating in living rooms, since they actively absorb clean air.

Installation of ventilation in a cottage is possible only if all the listed factors are taken into account. For proper calculations, you should use special tabular data and diagrams. The easiest way to equip a hood in a private house with your own hands is to carry out calculations by taking into account the area of ​​a specific object.

This method is most often used for residential properties. In accordance with the standards for such premises, each “square” must have at least 3 m 3 /hour of clean air, and this does not take into account people. To calculate this value, it is necessary to calculate the air norm per area of ​​the object.

Example ! How to make a hood in a private house with an area of ​​90 square meters? The air exchange rate value is set using the following formula: 90x3 = 270 m 3 /hour. This will be enough for living space.

Ventilation duct and its cross-section

Having calculated the optimal level of oxygen exchange, select best scheme ventilation in a private house for implementation with your own hands, they count the ventilation ducts. Regardless of where such a system is planned to be installed, in the underground or in the ceiling area, there are only 2 types of air ducts with a rigid structure - round and rectangular.

Ensure an average air exchange rate of 5 m/s, if we talk about branches - no more than 3 m/s. In a natural system, the indicated value does not exceed 1 m/s.

You can read about the pros and cons of plastic pipes for ventilation in the article: Plastic pipes for ventilation

To organize effective ventilation in a private house with your own hands, you need to decide on the optimal cross-section of the channel. To do this, use a special diagram that takes into account the flow of air masses and the speed of their passage. Before making ventilation in the house or carrying out installation activities, please note that the standard value of air exchange is 360 m 3 / hour for forced-type systems. Therefore, the optimal value for air ducts will be d200 mm or 160 x 200 mm.

Rectangular plastic air ducts in the video below

Ventilation in the house, plastic air ducts - installation and installation

When thinking about how to ventilate a house, many of our compatriots forget that their homes have metal-plastic windows, whose design is absolutely airtight. In this case, care should be taken to ensure that the frame of metal-plastic solutions contains supply valves, through which air masses flow into the interior space.

note! If there is no hole in the windows, you can make one in the wall. We are talking about a standard pipe having a round shape, which is placed in the hole made. On both sides it is covered with protective metal grilles with a small cross-section.

Ventilation of the basement of a private house is carried out in a similar way. It is enough to follow simple recommendations and creating a favorable microclimate within the living space will not be difficult. In such a room, every person will feel as comfortable as possible.