Anatomical structure of the human body. How are the internal organs of a person, photo? Systems, functions of organs

Anatomy is a field of biology (internal morphology). Anatomy studies the human body by systems (systematic anatomy). Accordingly, it consists of a number of sections: the doctrine of the skeletal system - osteology; the doctrine of bone joints, joints and ligaments - syndesmology and arthrology; the doctrine of the muscular system - myology; the doctrine of the vascular system - angiology; the doctrine of the nervous system - neurology; the doctrine of the sense organs - esthesiology. The anatomy of internal organs is allocated in a special section - splanchnology. Systematic anatomy is supplemented by topographic, or regional, describing primarily the spatial relationships of organs, which is of particular interest to. The study of the structure of the body with the naked eye is the subject of macroscopic anatomy. The use of a microscope allows you to study the fine structure of organs - microscopic anatomy.

The term "normal anatomy" emphasizes its difference from pathological anatomy, which studies changes in organs and systems in diseases. An important phase in the study of body structure is analysis, accompanied by careful description (descriptive anatomy). The study of the structure of the body in dynamics in connection with functions determines the content of functional anatomy, a special section of which is experimental anatomy. Features of the structure of the body and organs in the process of individual development of the organism are studied by age-related anatomy. Plastic anatomy, which studies the external forms and proportions of the human body, is of great practical importance for visual arts. Comparative anatomy systematizes data on the anatomy of representatives of the animal world in order to identify the anatomical features of a person that have developed in the process of evolution.

Modern anatomy has accumulated a large amount of material on the intravital structure of organs, obtained with the help of and (X-ray anatomy).

This section of the site is a textbook on human anatomy in pictures. It sets out questions on the history of anatomy, general questions, the structure of the musculoskeletal system, digestive, respiratory, genitourinary systems and endocrine glands. Further, the structure of the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system, the central nervous system with pathways, the peripheral nervous system, the head nerves, the autonomic nervous system, and the sense organs are described. The material is presented according to the systemic principle, in each section functional and topographic anatomical features, organogenesis, age features, developmental anomalies are noted, comparative anatomical data are given. The anatomical atlas is illustrated with color pictures and diagrams.

This textbook "Human Anatomy" is designed for students of medical institutes and corresponds to the curriculum. The material of the textbook is presented in such a way that particular questions are first dealt with, then embryological and phylogenetic data. Many sections contain information about the age, topographic and functional features of organs. The summary data on blood supply and innervation given in other textbooks is omitted in this manual due to the fact that during the study of internal organs, students are still unfamiliar with the structure of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, as well as the nervous system. Such material is useful for physicians and should be presented in a manual or, in extreme cases, in a topographic anatomy textbook. In this manual, sections relating to the structure of bones, ligamentous apparatus and muscles are presented more briefly, and the structure of internal organs is presented in more detail. This is due to the fact that the doctor in practice often encounters diseases of the internal organs.

The manual has many illustrations that will help the assimilation of the material. Naturally, the goal of training is not to memorize many anatomical terms, which, without proper reinforcement, will be completely forgotten over time, but to understand the general plan of the human structure. Anatomy is a part of biology, therefore the structure of all organs, systems, the living organism as a whole are considered in terms of their development and functional relationships. The study of human anatomy from the correct methodological positions from the first days of acquaintance with medicine should contribute to the formation of materialistic thinking and the doctor's worldview, since anatomy, together with biology, histology, physiology, pathology and biochemistry, forms the foundation of theoretical training. Like any science, anatomy includes questions of applied importance that are important for clinical medicine, biological questions that are necessary to expand the medical horizons and are necessary in order to answer the natural question: “How is a person arranged?” There is an opinion that human anatomy is allegedly difficult. Our knowledge of the most perfect and wonderful creation of nature, which is man, is still incomplete today, but, as the history of anatomy shows, they were even more primitive 2000-3000 years ago. And if much has been achieved on the path of understanding the structure of man, it is only thanks to the mind of man in his curiosity. Once upon a time, scientists were happy if they were able to look into the belly of a creature similar to themselves, but now, having called on the help of modern achievements in applied and fundamental sciences, they reveal molecular combinations and cognize their own nature. On these paths there are many difficulties and many joys. Knowledge of the structure of man is an internal need of a student who has dedicated his life to the most noble cause - the deliverance of mankind from suffering, who has chosen the profession of a doctor, which, since ancient times, requires a person to give all the fullness of moral and intellectual forces.

Internal organs
As mentioned above, the internal organs provide the vegetative (vegetative) functions of the body, i.e. nutrition, respiration, excretion of metabolic products and reproduction. Let us get acquainted in more detail with their structure and activity, as well as with some conditions necessary for the normal operation of these organs. Blood, lymph, cardiovascular system

Man has undergone a complex biological evolution and has united a natural-natural being from the biological side, and a social-social being from the historical side. Its structure and functions are fully known by biology and social laws. Human anatomy belongs to the biological sciences. Human anatomy is a science that studies the origin, development, external and internal structure, functional features of a living person. Human anatomy aims to describe the shape, macroscopic structure, topography of organs, taking into account the sexual, individual, constitutional characteristics of the organism, as well as phylogenetic (from phylon - genus, genesis - development) and ontogenetic (from ontos - individual) moments of development. The study of the human structure is carried out from the standpoint of the whole organism. Anatomy also attracts the data of anthropology - the science of man. Anthropology examines a person not only age, gender and individual characteristics, but also racial, ethnic, professional, studies social influences, finds out the factors that determine the historical development of a person. Thus, biology considers a person from evolutionary positions, which plays a role in shaping the materialistic worldview of the Soviet doctor.

Human anatomy is of great practical importance for medicine. Anatomy, together with histology, physiology, biochemistry and other disciplines, forms the basis of theoretical knowledge in the training of a doctor. The outstanding physiologist I. P. Pavlov noted that only by knowing the structure and functions of organs can we correctly understand the causes of diseases and the possibilities of their elimination. Without knowledge of the structure of a person, it is impossible to understand the changes caused by the disease, to establish the localization of the pathological process, to carry out surgical interventions, and, consequently, to correctly diagnose diseases and treat patients. On this occasion, 170 years ago, one of the outstanding Russian doctors E. Mukhin (1766-1850) spoke very figuratively: “A doctor who is not an anatomist is not only useless, but also harmful.” When, during the period of scholasticism and the influence of religion (13th century), doctors were forbidden to dissect corpses and study at least the basics of anatomy, the knowledge of doctors was so primitive that the public demanded permission from the church to dissect corpses.

What is the content of anatomy? The term "anatomy" comes from the ancient Greek word anatemnein - I dissect, dissect. This is explained by the fact that the first and main method of studying a person was the method of dismembering a corpse. At present, when the researcher uses many other methods to understand the internal and external structure of a living person, anatomy does not correspond to the content of its name. Nevertheless, even now, to describe the structure and topography of organs, the dissection of a corpse is used, which is one of the methods for studying the shape and structure. However, the structure of organs and their functions can be fully understood only by combining many research methods.

1. Using the method of anthropometry, one can measure height, the relationship of parts, establish body weight, constitution, individual structural features of a person, his race.

2. Using the preparation method, it is possible to dissect tissues in layers in order to study them and to isolate muscles, blood vessels, nerves and other formations visible to the naked eye from the surrounding tissues and fiber. This method allows you to obtain data on the shape of organs, their relationships.

3. By the method of injection, they are filled with a colored mass, diluted with drying oil, kerosene, gasoline, chloroform, ether or other solvents of the body cavity, the lumen of the bronchial tree, intestines, blood and lymphatic vessels. The method was first applied in the 16th century. Hardening masses in the form of latex (liquid rubber), polymers, molten wax or metal are also used for injection. Thanks to the injection method, knowledge about the structure of the vascular system has been greatly expanded. The injection method has proven to be especially useful in cases where subsequent corrosion, clarification of organs and tissues are carried out.

4. The corrosion method was first applied by Swammerdam (XVII century), and in Russia - by IV Buyalsky. An organ with blood vessels filled with a hardened mass was immersed in warm water and kept in it for a long time. The surrounding tissues rotted and only a cast of the hardened mass remained. This process can be accelerated when tissues are destroyed by concentrated acid or alkali, which is currently used. Using the corrosion method, you can see the true shape of the cavity where the mass was poured. The disadvantage of the method is that the impression of the cavity is not interconnected with the tissues.

5. The method of enlightenment. After tissue dehydration, the preparation is saturated with liquid. In this case, the refractive index of the impregnated fabric is close to the refractive index of the liquid. Injected blood vessels or stained nerves will be visible on such relatively clear preparations. The advantage of this method over the corrosion method is that the clarified preparations preserve the spatial arrangement of blood vessels or nerves.

6. The microscopic method, which uses a relatively small increase, is now widely used in anatomy. Thanks to the use of this method, it was possible to see formations that cannot be detected on histological sections. For example, using the method of microscopic anatomy, networks of blood and lymphatic capillaries, intraorgan plexuses of blood vessels and nerves were revealed, the structure and shape of the lobules, acini, etc. were clarified.

7. Using the methods of fluoroscopy and radiography, it is possible to study the intravital form and functional features of organs in a living person. These methods are also successfully used in the study of the corpse. Very widely in clinical practice and experiment, a combination of injection of contrast agents with subsequent radiography is used. Due to such contrasting, the studied formations are more clearly distinguished on the screen or imprinted on the x-ray film.

8. The method of transillumination by reflected rays is mainly used on a living person, for example, to study the blood capillaries of the skin, mucous membranes (capillaroscopy), retinal vessels.

9. The method of endoscopic examinations allows, with the help of instruments inserted through natural and artificial holes, to examine the color, relief of organs and mucous membranes.

10. The experimental method in anatomy is used to determine the functional significance of an organ, tissue or system. It allows one to establish the plasticity of tissues, their regenerative abilities, etc. With the help of an experiment, one can obtain a lot of new data on the restructuring of organs and the body in response to external influences.

11. The mathematical method is often used in anatomical studies, since, unlike other methods, it allows you to derive more reliable quantitative indicators. With the development of electronic computing technology, mathematical methods will take a leading place in morphological research.

12. The illustration method is used to convey an accurate documentary image or in the form of creating schematized drawings of anatomical structures. Accurate anatomical data can be documented by taking photographs and then making photo prints or black and white or color transparencies (slides) that are projected onto a screen. During preparation, many anatomical structures, especially those located in different planes, cannot be photographed. In these cases, an accurate sketch of the preparation is made. Sometimes it is necessary to create schemas. The creation of anatomical diagrams is due to the fact that neither photographs nor accurate drawings convey the internal architecture of the organ, for example, the structure of the glands, the topography of the pathways of the brain and spinal cord, etc. A schematic drawing is the most complex form of illustration preparation. This complexity is due to the fact that schemes are created on the basis of data obtained by preparation methods, histological, histochemical, electron diffraction and experimental studies and clinical observations. By synthesizing the data of many methods, it is possible to create schematic drawings.

Filming is also widely used in anatomical studies, especially when documenting moving objects. By this method, it is possible to document the sequence of opening and dissection of the corpse, topographic and anatomical data. The method of filming can clearly show functional disorders in experimental studies: the movement of blood, lymph, excretion of urine, saliva, the function of the musculoskeletal system, etc.

13. The method of ultrasound scanning is relatively new and is not yet sufficiently used in anatomical studies. It is currently used in clinical practice to identify the topography and shape of organs in pathological conditions, the position of the fetus in the womb, the relief of the cranial cavity, the spinal canal, purulent cavities, echinococcal bladders, stones of the biliary and urinary system, and sometimes tumor nodes.

14. The holography method is used to obtain a three-dimensional image of an object using laser beams. It represents a new methodological direction in the technique of scientific research and will play a significant role in the development of morphological science.

The most important requirement of science, based on the foundations of dialectical materialism, is the study of things and phenomena in their origin and development using the historical method. V.I. Lenin pointed out to scientists that things should be looked at from historical positions: “... Approaching the issue from the point of view of science is not to forget the main historical connection, history arose, what main stages in its development this phenomenon went through, and from the point of view of this development, look at what this thing has become now ”The historical approach uses materials from anthropology, paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, which allows us to study a person as a being of social social, which has undergone a complex evolution, actively adapting to nature and changing its psychophysiological characteristics under the influence of social conditions for the development of society.

Human anatomy can be methodically studied in various ways: by individual systems (systematic anatomy); describe only the external form of a person (plastic, or relief, anatomy); to study the structure of organs and systems depending on their functions (functional anatomy); to study the relative position of systems and organs, taking into account age and individual characteristics (topographic anatomy), to study the structure of organs in different age periods (age anatomy).

Systematic anatomy mainly outlines the form, structure, topography, age characteristics, individual differences, development and anomalies, phylogenetic features for individual systems. A similar approach to the study of anatomy is most appropriate for those who are not familiar with the subject, since the complex is decomposed into its component parts.

Plastic anatomy contains information about the external forms of the body, which are determined by the development of the bone skeleton, protruding tubercles and ridges, palpable through the skin, the contours of muscle groups and muscle tone, elasticity and color of the skin, the depth of its folds, the thickness of the subcutaneous fatty tissue. The state of the internal organs is studied only to such an extent as to show how this affects the external structure. Plastic anatomy is of applied importance not only for artists and sculptors, but also for doctors, since external forms can also be used to judge the state of human health.

Functional anatomy complements the data of descriptive anatomy. It sets the task of studying the structure of organs and systems in unity with function, considering the human body in dynamics, revealing the mechanisms of restructuring the form under the influence of external factors.

Topographic anatomy studies the structure of a person in separate areas, the spatial relationship of organs and systems, taking into account individual and age characteristics. Elements of topographic anatomy necessarily accompany a systematic presentation of the material.

Age anatomy studies the structure of a person in different age periods. Under the influence of age and external factors, the structure and shape of human organs change with a certain pattern.

In children of the first years of life, adults and the elderly, there are significant differences in anatomical structure. In clinical practice, even independent disciplines have arisen, for example, pediatrics - the science of the child, geriatrics - the science of the elderly.

Together with the descriptive human anatomy, it is necessary to study (at least in general terms) the anatomy of invertebrates and vertebrates - comparative anatomy. Based on the data of comparative anatomy, one can understand the evolution and development of living beings. Using comparative anatomical and embryological data, which are presented mainly at the stage of organogenesis, it is possible to find common signs that contribute to understanding the history of the development of man, his organs and systems.

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Knowing the structure and location of internal organs is extremely important. Even if you do not study this issue thoroughly, then at least a superficial understanding of where and how this or that organ is located will help you quickly navigate when pain occurs and at the same time react correctly. Among the internal organs, there are both organs of the chest and pelvic cavity, and organs of the abdominal cavity of a person. Their location, diagrams and general information are presented in this article.

The human body is a complex mechanism, consisting of a huge variety of cells that form tissues. From their separate groups, organs are obtained, which are commonly called internal, since the location of organs in humans is inside.

Many of them are known to almost everyone. And in most cases, until somewhere it hurts, people, as a rule, do not think about what is inside them. Nevertheless, even if the layout of human organs is only superficially familiar, in the event of a disease, this knowledge will greatly simplify the explanation to the doctor. Also, the recommendations of the latter will become more understandable.

The concept of a system refers to a specific group of organs that has anatomical and embryological kinship and also performs a single function.

In turn, the apparatus, whose organs are closely interconnected, has no kinship inherent in the system.

The study and location of organs in humans are considered by anatomy in a special section called splanchnology, the study of the insides. It's about about structures that are found in body cavities.

First of all, these are the organs of the human abdominal cavity involved in digestion, the location of which is as follows.

The internal organs also include the brain. In the cranium is the head, and in the spinal canal - the dorsal. But within the limits of the section under consideration, these structures are not studied.

All organs appear as systems functioning in full interaction with the whole organism. There are respiratory, urinary, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, nervous and other systems.

They are in several specific cavities.

So, in the chest, located within the boundaries of the chest and the upper diaphragm, there are three others. This is a pelicard with a heart and two pleurals on both sides with lungs.

The abdominal cavity contains the kidneys, stomach, most of the intestines, liver, pancreas and other organs. It is a body located below the diaphragm. It includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

The abdomen is divided into the retroperitoneal space and the peritoneal cavity. The pelvis contains the excretory and reproductive systems.

To understand in more detail the location of human organs, the photo below serves as an addition to the above. It depicts cavities on one side, and the main organs that are located in them on the other.

The first in their tubes have several layers, which are also called shells. The inside is lined with a mucous membrane, which plays mainly a protective function. Most organs on it have folds with outgrowths and depressions. But there are also completely smooth mucous membranes.

In addition to them, there is a muscular membrane with circular and longitudinal layers separated by connective tissue.

On the human body there are smooth and striated muscles. Smooth - prevail in the respiratory tube, urinary organs. In the digestive tube, striated muscles are located in the upper and lower sections.

In some groups of organs there is another shell, where the vessels and nerves pass.

All components of the digestive system and lungs have a serous membrane, which is formed by connective tissue. It is smooth, thanks to which there is an easy sliding of the insides against each other.

Parenchymal organs, unlike the previous ones, do not have a cavity. They contain functional (parenchyma) and connective (stroma) tissues. The cells that perform the main tasks form the parenchyma, and the soft framework of the organ is formed by the stroma.

With the exception of the genital organs, the arrangement of human organs - both men and women - is the same. In the female body, for example, are the vagina, uterus and ovaries. In the male - the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and so on.

In addition, male organs tend to be larger than female organs and therefore weigh more. Although, of course, it also occurs vice versa, when women have large forms, and men are small.

As the location of human organs has its own characteristics, so does their size. Of the small ones, for example, the adrenal glands stand out, and of the large ones, the intestines.

As is known from anatomy and shows the location of human organs in the photo above, the total weight of the viscera can be about twenty percent of the total body weight.

In the presence of various diseases, the size and weight can both decrease and increase.

The functions of the organs are different, but they are closely interconnected with each other. They can be compared to musicians playing their instruments under the control of a conductor - the brain. There are no unnecessary musicians in an orchestra. Also, however, in the human body there is not a single superfluous structure and system.

For example, due to respiration, the digestive and excretory systems, the exchange between the external environment and the body is realized. The reproductive organs provide reproduction.

All of these systems are vital.

Consider common features individual systems.

The skeleton is the musculoskeletal system, which includes all the bones, tendons, joints and somatic muscles. Both the proportion of the body and the movement and locomotion depend on it.

The location of organs in a person of the cardiovascular system ensures the movement of blood through the veins and arteries, saturating the cells with oxygen and nutrients, on the one hand, and removing carbon dioxide with other waste substances from the body, on the other. The main organ here is the heart, which constantly pumps blood through the vessels.

The lymphatic system consists of vessels, capillaries, ducts, trunks and nodes. Under slight pressure, the lymph moves through the tubes, ensuring the removal of waste products.

All internal organs of a person, the layout of which is given below, are regulated by the nervous system, which consists of a central and peripheral sections. The main part includes the spinal cord and brain. Peripheral consists of nerves, plexuses, roots, ganglia and nerve endings.

The functions of the system are vegetative (responsible for the transmission of impulses) and somatic (connecting the brain with the skin and ODP).

The sensory system plays the main role in fixing the reaction to external stimuli and changes. It includes the nose, tongue, ears, eyes and skin. Its occurrence is the result of the work of the nervous system.

The endocrine system, together with the nervous system, regulates internal reactions and sensations. environment. Emotions, mental activity, development, growth, puberty depend on her work.

The main organs in it are the thyroid and pancreas, testicles or ovaries, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pituitary gland and thymus.

The reproductive system is responsible for reproduction.

The urinary system is located entirely in the pelvic cavity. It, like the previous one, differs depending on gender. The need for the system is to remove toxic and foreign compounds, an excess of various substances through the urine. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, urethra, ureters, and bladder.

The digestive system is the human internal organs located in the abdominal cavity. Their layout is as follows:

Its function, logically proceeding from the name, is to extract and deliver nutrients into cells. The location of the human abdominal organs gives a general idea of the process of digestion. It consists of mechanical and chemical processing of food, absorption, breakdown and excretion of waste products from the body.

The respiratory system consists of the upper (nasopharynx) and lower (larynx, bronchi and trachea) sections.

The immune system is the body's defense against tumors and pathogens. It consists of thymus, lymphoid tissue, spleen and lymph nodes.

The skin protects the body from temperature extremes, drying out, damage and the penetration of pathogens and toxins into it. It consists of skin, nails, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands.

The photo shows the location of the internal organs of a person with a description.

We can say that they are the basis of life. It is difficult to live without lower or upper limbs, but still possible. But without a heart or a liver, a person cannot live at all.

Thus, there are organs that are vital, and there are those without which life is difficult, nevertheless possible.

At the same time, some of the first components have a paired structure, and without one of them, the entire function passes to the remaining part (for example, the kidneys).

Some structures are able to regenerate (this applies to the liver).

Nature has endowed the human body with the most complex system, to which it must be attentive and protect what is given to it in the allotted time.

Many people neglect the most elementary things that can keep the body in order. Because of this, it becomes unusable ahead of time. Diseases appear and a person passes away when he has not yet done all the things that he should have done.

The human body is similar to a complex mechanism in which all parts are interconnected and work smoothly. Published by us in this article to understand how the internal organs of a person are arranged, the layout in the photo with inscriptions will help to understand the structure of the anatomy of a man and a woman.

Each organ has its own localization, structural features, main and auxiliary functions. That is why, very often, when one organic element fails, several others indirectly suffer. In order to better feel your body and help it cope with emerging difficulties in the form of diseases or injuries in a timely manner, a person needs to know the precise location of his internal organs in detail.

The body of a man and a woman includes three main zones to complete a certain group of organs. These are the thoracic and abdominal sections, as well as the region of the small and large pelvis. Single internal organs that do not have grouping are located in the intervals between the main zones.

General familiarization with the location of organs inside the human body begins with thyroid gland which settled below the larynx in the lower front of the neck. This important element of the body during life can slightly move deeper or lower, which is normal. Another resident of the human body that is expressed and does not have a group formation is diaphragm, is located between the zones of the thoracic and abdominal regions. The main function of this organ is responsible for the free expansion of the lung area for the unhindered passage of air.

The permanent and important organs of the sternum are the heart, lungs, bronchi and thymus gland.

The main muscle of the human body heart, an internal organ located above the diaphragmatic zone, between both lungs, with a significant shift to the left side. The main task that ensures the vital activity of the human body as a whole lies in pumping the circulatory system. The heart muscle is very often individualized in its shape, which is due to several reasons. The visual appearance of the heart can be affected by gender, age, lifestyle, and overall health.
The pulmonary system consists of a symmetrical arrangement lungs, filling most of the plane of the chest region from the collarbone to the diaphragm. In the photo of the layout inside, the external appearance of the elements responsible for the breathing apparatus has a cone-shaped elongated appearance, reliably protected by ribs.
Bronchi formed in the form of a regularly branched plant, the base - the stem of which emerges from the trachea and germinates in both lungs. Despite the same functionality, the visualization of the bronchial branches is not symmetrical. The right organ is somewhat thickened, in contrast to the left, and noticeably shortened. Within their system, the bronchi are divided into subspecies: lobar extrapulmonary, segmental extrapulmonary, subsegmental intrapulmonary and bronchioles, smoothly flowing into the alveoli.
thymus- the thymus gland, the main immunologist of the human body, is an internal organ located in the upper back of the sternum and having a fork-shaped shape.

Human structure: internal organs, photo with inscriptions

Abdominal organs

This cavity is occupied by such elements as the stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen and intestinal tract.

Food bag - stomach has elastic muscle tissue that allows the organ to stretch as it fills. In the human diagram, the location of the main food receptacle is located immediately below the diaphragm, shifting slightly to the left. Although pain in the event of a malfunction of the stomach is more often localized in the center. The main function of this organ is to break down food with the help of gastric juice into useful and nutritious substances.
Liver, as a filtering mechanism, is a multifunctional and essential element of the digestion process. It is located in the right hypochondrium and has an uneven two-lobal structure, with a clear dimensional advantage on the right. The task of hepatic activity is to ensure the protection of the body from intoxication, the production of cholesterol and the regulation of intercellular metabolism.
Pancreas with its ability to produce enzymatic substances for the digestion of food, is located according to the scheme of the internal organs of a person in the upper left part of the peritoneum, behind the stomach. It is actively involved in metabolic processes and supplying the body with natural insulin.
gallbladder- a small, but quite significant organ for the functioning of the gastrointestinal system. It produces the bile necessary for the body in the right middle sector of the abdominal cavity. Despite its size and ovoid shape, it plays a huge role in digestion, malfunctioning of which causes not only discomfort in the form of nausea, vomiting and pain on the right, but also participates in the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Human internal organs: pictures of the abdominal cavity

Pelvic organs with inscriptions

Intestines

The intestinal component of the peritoneum includes the presence large and small intestine, and appendix. The intestine fills the entire lower part of the human abdomen, leaving all the other organs of the abdominal cavity above it. The diagram of the location of the organs shows that the large intestine differs from the small intestine in diameter and location. A thickened, but significantly shortened intestine, including the appendix process, is the final compartment that removes solid waste products of the body's vital activity outside, through the anus. Its localization is more straightened and goes around the entire intestinal structure. The thin namesake that flows into it on the right is noticeably longer and more intricate. The important role assigned to the intestine shows the slightest disturbances in nutrition and subsequent digestion of food by the body. Insufficiency of the abdominal organs before the waste enters the intestines is fraught with such manifestations as constipation or diarrhea, flatulence and discomfort in the lower abdomen. Peristalsis is the muscle tone of the intestinal walls, a significant indicator in the development of certain diseases.

The urinary-genital system of the body consists of the bladder and the reproductive system, which in the female body contains the uterus and ovaries, and in the male - the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland.

Bladder located in the lower pelvis behind the pubic bone. The main function of this organ is of a collective nature with periodic disposal of accumulated urine through the urethra. It has elastic muscle tissue that stretches with the presence of contents and contracts after emptying. In an empty state, the bladder is localized clearly behind the pubis, and when filled with urine, it begins to grow upward, significantly changing its shape to an ovoid. An increase in the organ has individual boundaries, sometimes reaching right up to the umbilical point. When the urinary activity of the bladder fails, the impulses of this may be soreness during urination and cramping pains in the lower abdomen.
Uterus located directly above the bladder in the middle of the pelvis. The most elastic organ of the female body in a calm state has a length of about 7 cm, stretching to a significant size during pregnancy. The sufficiency of free near the uterine space inside the body allows the uterus to be also the most mobile organ, capable of shifting due to the fullness of the bladder and intestines. The shape in the form of a flattened pear is rounded at the bottom, in the area of transition to the cervix. The main task of the body is the continuation of the human race. The reservoir for the formation and bearing of the baby is equipped with a three-layer structure of the walls responsible for the supply of nutrients, and also has protective functions and sufficient muscle tone necessary for the birth process.
ovaries- a paired organ of an exclusively female body, responsible for the ability to bear children. In addition to the main task, which is the formation and maturation of germ cells, it is involved in the production of sex and steroid hormones. They are located on the diagram of the internal organs on both sides of the uterus, located symmetrically in relation to it. The cyclic activity of the ovaries is shown by the menstrual process, which characterizes the monthly renewal of the cellular complex developed for fertilization.
seminal vesicles- organs - twins of an exclusively male body, located in the posterior lateral region relative to the bladder. They have an excretory function, producing the necessary secret for nourishment and promotion of spermatozoa. They take an active part in the process of ejaculation.
Prostate is located in the layout of human organs in front in the central lower region of the small pelvis of a man, located under the bladder. In appearance, it resembles a chestnut in shape, with a furrow division in the center. The main task of the prostate is to secrete the secretory fluid that is basic in the composition of the sperm, rich in immunoglobulins and enzymatic substances. An auxiliary function is to block the exit of the urethra in a state of erection. Also, the prostate gland is involved in the process of ejaculation, due to its ability to intense contraction of muscle tissue, and contributes to the liquefaction of the consistency of sperm in general to enhance the mobility and vitality of spermatozoa.

Urogenital system with inscriptions

The human body is an object of constant research and experimentation. The preservation and protection of internal organs is an innate instinct of any living being. Unfortunately, people do not always treat their body with due respect. And these are not necessarily bad habits or an unhealthy lifestyle. Heavy physical labor, hypothermia or other unforeseen situations can cause a malfunction of internal systems, so a clear knowledge of the location of one's vital organs will help a person determine the cause of discomfort and facilitate an accurate diagnosis for the attending physician.

Asked for a photo of the internal organs of a person? Here's a photo for you:

And this is not the most vile option, since we have a mannequin in front of us, if you can call it that. I will not post the insides of a real person.

Well, if it is interesting to look schematically, with the signatures of the bodies themselves, here you go:

I decided to attach an illustration in profile, because there are already plenty of full-face answers in the answers.

It’s not the most pleasant thing for me to consider the internal organs of a person, but you need to know their location. Therefore, for an example, I chose a black and white schematic drawing.

We all know that we have a heart, lungs, kidneys, stomach and so on, but not everyone knows where they are.

Everything on it is accessible and understandable.

Our internal organs are the basis of life. You can live without a hand or a finger, but you cannot live without a heart or kidneys.

The internal organs also include the brain and spinal cord.

It's no secret that I study the structure of a person, the location of all internal organs for the first time at school (probably in class 8-9), these photographs were taken in biology textbooks. In order to understand in more detail on this issue, it will be necessary to look at the scientific medical literature.

The main internal organ, the heart, is located in the human thoracic cavity. It is located above the diaphragm, which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and is slightly shifted to the left side. Here on the sides are the lungs, the bronchi and trachea going to them. At the very top of the larynx is the thyroid gland, behind the sternum is the thymus, the thymus gland.

In the abdominal cavity on the right is the liver and below it is the gallbladder, on the left side is the stomach with the pancreas and spleen. Below the intestines, behind the sides of the spinal column are the kidneys with the adrenal glands. From the kidneys, the ureters go to the bladder, which is already in the pelvic cavity.

In men, in the small pelvis, the prostate, in women, the uterus with uterine appendages - the ovaries and vagina.

The structure of the human body, how the internal organs are located in the human body, can be seen in the photo below.

Depending on the gender of a person (male or female), the structure of the reproductive system in the body will be different, and this can be seen in the photo below.

You can learn more about the structure of a person (not only external, but also internal) by studying the science of Anatomy, which studies this in all details.

here is also a good one, the location of human organs

Everyone knows that the heart is on the left (for the most part), and the lungs are behind the chest, the kidneys are on the sides in the lumbar region, and so on. And why exactly are the internal organs of a person located in this way?

Most of the vital organs are located behind the human chest, this provides protection from various kinds of damage. Consider the location of some organs.

Brain- an important organ of the nervous system responsible for human mental processes, nervous activity. The brain is located in the skull and consists of the left and right hemispheres, the cerebellum, the pons varolii, the oblong bridge, which passes into the dorsal.

Heart- the engine of human life, located mostly on the left in the upper part of the chest.

Lungs- located completely behind the chest, thanks to the lungs, our body is saturated with oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Stomach- located on the left in the upper part of the abdominal cavity.

Liver- located under the diaphragm in the upper part of the abdominal cavity with the main part on the right.

It is best to study this material on a mannequin, its cost is about 40-50 dollars, they are made in China:

If you already have normal nerves and human organs do not cause disgust, then look and study well from animated pictures:

When you are already prepared, then proceed to the study in the morgue ...

The very location of the internal organs passes through two factors: from greater to lesser need and from intake to excretion.

I looked at different pictures, this one is more detailed and very visual.

dedicated to those who smoked the primer on anatomy)))

This picture shows the structure of the human body and the location of its internal organs.

for each person it is very important to know where he has and what organs are located. this knowledge is important not only for doctors, but also for ordinary people. elementary in order to know what can hurt in one place or another.

The second picture shows the structure of the brain. this was not in the question, but still on the topic

Although the structure of internal organs is studied at school, most people completely forget about what and where is located. Although it is very important to know, at least in order to understand what is bothering you if you suddenly get sick somewhere. If you know the structure, you will understand what to pay attention to first.

In this figure, you can see the structure both from the back and from the front.

Schemes of the location of the internal organs of a person with inscriptions by zones.

Knowledge of the structure of the body is the key to understanding the processes occurring in it and malfunctions.

The set of mandatory knowledge for a person is constantly expanding. However, without a clear understanding of the functioning of the body, its needs and the relationship of organs, all other achievements of science and progress are useless.

Thoroughly in detail anatomy is studied by students of medical universities. It is enough for an average adult to have an idea about the location of organs inside himself at the level of the school curriculum.

We invite you to refresh your knowledge in this area.

diagram of the distribution of organs within the human body

The internal organs of the human body are compactly placed in the torso in conditional zones:

chest
abdominal
large and small pelvis

The first zone is separated from the second by a diaphragm. The second and third zones do not have such a clear boundary.

The thoracic region, in turn, consists of:

2 lung spaces
heart zone

The abdominal cavity is also divided into 2 components:

directly abdominal
retroperitoneal

Their functional tasks are fundamentally different from each other and at the same time are closely related.

So the chest organs are responsible for:

breath
oxygen uptake and waste air removal
blood pumping

The organs of the abdominal cavity provide:

digestive processes
absorption of nutrients
strength of immunity
filtration of toxins, poisons
participation in the hematopoiesis of your body, and in the female version - the fetus
formation of acids for digestion
hormonal regulation of the correct functioning of all organs of the abdominal region

In the large and small pelvis, their tasks are carried out:

excretion of waste substances
reproduction
hormonal control of the work of the organs of the considered zone

By structure and appearance internal organs are divided into:

tubular, or hollow - such as the stomach
whole, without a cavity - for example, the liver

muscles cause organ contractions,
mucous membranes - hydration and absorption of substances,
slippery outer layer - no friction between organs.

In our body, part of the organs are paired, for example, the lungs, part without a pair, for example, the heart.

See the internal structure of the human body in the photo below.

version of the scheme of the internal structure of the human body

What organs are located in the chest: a diagram with inscriptions

the structure of the human chest, inside view

The chest is the seat of the respiratory organs, in particular the lungs.

They occupy almost all of its space, especially at the time of inspiration. From below, the lungs rest against the diaphragm. Around them - protection from the ribs.
The bronchial tree branches inside the lungs and connects them to the trachea.
Moreover, its left branch is thinner and longer than the right one.

The heart is your body's motor that pumps blood through a network of blood vessels. It is located between the lungs above the diaphragm, has a slight tilt back. 2/3 of the heart is on the left side of the center of the chest, and 1/3 on the right.

The thymus gland is the mysterious organ of the chest. It is located in the upper part of the latter above the bronchial branching into the lungs. Participates in work immune system person.

On the diagram of the organs of the chest, consider their location.

enlarged diagram of the location of organs inside the human chest

What organs are located in the abdominal cavity: a diagram with inscriptions

abdominal diagram: location of organs

The abdominal cavity is filled with more organs than the previous one. Consider their placement according to 3 parameters:

in the center
to his right
left

The small intestine looks like a thin tangled tube. It is formed at the site of narrowing of the stomach and is capable of reaching 6 m in length. It expands smoothly into the large intestine at the bottom right. The latter forms a semicircle clockwise around the entire space of the abdominal cavity and ends with the anus.

The intestine is the most important organ of the immune system. Thanks to its ability to pulsating compression, poisons, toxins, and harmful substances are removed from the body.

The stomach is an expansion of the esophagus, resembling a bag. It is located just below the diaphragm.

As it fills, it is able to change its size. People with an addiction to eating large amounts of food have an enlarged stomach.
It is a reservoir for the accumulation and digestion of food, passing through the first stage of the absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is a complete organ with several layers of muscles. Due to the reduction of the latter, food moves through the organ and further into the intestines.

The pancreas is located slightly lower under the stomach. She:

participates in the process of digestion of food,
produces juice for its splitting,
provides metabolic processes in the body, namely protein-carbon and fat.

The spleen provides hematopoiesis for adults and fetuses in women. It is located behind the stomach. In appearance - a non-hollow dense hemisphere.

Spleen:

responsible for the production of lymphocytes
accumulates platelets
captures harmful substances and bacteria, filters them
participant in the body's metabolic processes
ambulance for erythrocytes and platelets with damaged membranes

The liver is a vital human organ. It consists of 2 lobes, of which the right is much smaller than the left.

The task of neutralizing poisonous and toxic compounds with their subsequent removal from the body lies on the liver. And:

maintenance of lipid balance
absorption of cholesterol and glucose
withdrawal of excessive amounts of vitamins and substances of internal metabolism

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped sac located under the right lobe of the liver.

Its task is to accumulate bile coming from the liver and send it to the intestines. It helps to qualitatively digest food at all stages of its movement, starting from the stomach.

On both sides are the kidneys and adrenal glands.

Kidneys are shaped like beans.

They are located behind the organs of the abdominal cavity closer to the lumbar zone.
The right kidney is smaller than the left. The weight of one varies between 100-190 gr, and the size is about 10 cm.
The purpose of the kidneys is to filter and secrete urine, regulate chemical processes.

Adrenal glands are paired glands, representatives of the endocrine system. Responsible for regulating hormone levels:

adrenaline
sex - androgens
corticosteroids
cortisone and cortisol
norepinephrine

The adrenal glands help a person adapt to new living conditions and cope with stressful situations.

A diagram will help you visually remember the location of the abdominal organs.

abdominal organs: diagram with inscriptions

The structure of the pelvic organs: a diagram with inscriptions

schematic representation of the structure of the internal organs of the small pelvis in a woman

Since people are divided into two groups by gender, the set of organs of the small pelvis is not the same for us.

In the pelvis are located:

bladder and rectum - common
uterus and ovaries - in women
prostate gland and testicles - in men

Let's take a closer look at the first two.

The bladder leans on the pubic area. In an empty state, it seems to spread out, and in a filled state it has the shape of an oval container.

Its task is to accumulate fluid from the kidneys and remove it from the body through the ureters.

The rectum is a continuation of the large intestine. It is located vertically down the far wall of the small pelvis.

Its task is to collect and withdraw waste material after the digestion process.

Between the bladder and the rectum are:

uterus in women
prostate in men

The diagram with the location of the pelvic organs is presented below.

diagrams of the structure of the internal organs of the small pelvis in men and women

So, we examined the anatomical location of the internal organs of a person, got acquainted with their main tasks and activities.

Study the structure of your body consciously. Learn to listen to his needs and live in harmony with him!

Video: Human Anatomy. Where and what is located?

Probably, for any person, knowledge of the structure and location of their internal organs is of great value. Otherwise, how can we determine where and what hurts us, which is essential for the prevention and treatment of the widest range of diseases and disorders.

Of course, professional diagnostics should be completely entrusted to the attending physician, but, nevertheless, knowing the location of the internal organs in a person, the general layout is necessary not only for ourselves personally, but also in order to provide first aid to your loved one, for example, a child in time …

So what are internal organs? The answer is simple: these are formations in the human body that are inside. We do not see them, we cannot actively manage them, but for that, we feel well how they work, if ... they are sick. Surely you have heard that while the heart does not hurt, a person does not know where it is at all. As well as any other formation inside the body. You know all the external organs: arms, legs, head, sense organs and sensations (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile (tactile), gustatory).

Among the internal organs, the organs of the chest, abdominal and pelvic cavity should be distinguished. We will show their location, diagram and general information about them.

Organs

The human body is a complex mechanism, consisting of many cells that form living tissues. Organs are obtained from tissues, which are commonly called internal, since the location of organs in a person is inside.

Many of the organs are known to almost every junior schoolchild. In most cases, until it hurts anywhere, people do not think about what is inside them.

Organ system and apparatus

Under the organ system is understood their group, which has anatomical and embryological relationship. The organ system performs a single function in the body.

The apparatus is understood as closely located and interconnected organs that do not have a relationship.

Splanchnology - what is it?

Splanchnology is the study of the viscera, a special section of anatomy that studies the location of organs in humans, those structures that are in body cavities.

First of all, the organs of the human abdominal cavity involved in digestion are studied. Their location is as follows.

Then comes the study of the genitourinary, urinary and reproductive systems. This section discusses the endocrine glands that are adjacent to these systems.

The human brain also refers to the internal organs. The brain is located in the cranium, and the spinal cord is located in the spinal canal. However, the human brain is not studied in detail in this section.

All organs appear as systems functioning in full interaction with the whole organism. There are respiratory, urinary, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, nervous and other systems.

Location of organs in humans

Human organs are located in several specific cavities: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic.

So, in the chest cavity, located within the boundaries of the chest and the upper diaphragm, there are three others. This is the pericardium with the heart and two pleurals on both sides with the lungs.

The abdominal cavity contains the kidneys, stomach, most of the intestines, liver, pancreas and other organs. It is a body located below the diaphragm. It includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

The abdomen is divided into the retroperitoneal space and the peritoneal cavity. The pelvis contains the excretory and reproductive systems.

To understand in more detail the location of human organs, the photo below serves as an addition. It depicts cavities on one side, and the main organs that are located in them on the other.

The structure and layout of human organs

hollow or tubular (stomach, urinary and gallbladder, intestines: small and large intestines;
parenchymal and dense (pancreas, spleen, liver).

In addition to them, there is a muscular membrane with circular and longitudinal layers separated by connective tissue.

On the human body there are smooth and striated muscles. Smooth - prevail in the respiratory tube, urinary organs. In the digestive tube, striated muscles are located in the upper and lower sections.

In some groups of organs there is another shell, where the vessels and nerves pass.

Male and female organs

With the exception of the genital organs, the arrangement of human organs - both men and women - is the same.

In the female body, for example, are the vagina, uterus and ovaries.
In the male - the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and so on.

In addition, male organs tend to be larger than female organs and therefore weigh more. Although, of course, it also occurs vice versa, when women have large forms, and men are small.

Dimensions and functions

As the location of human organs has its own characteristics, so does their size. Of the small ones, for example, the adrenal glands stand out, and of the large ones, the intestines.

As is known from anatomy and shows the location of human organs in the photo above, the total weight of the viscera can be about twenty percent of the total body weight.

In the presence of diseases, the size and weight of organs can both decrease and increase.

For example, due to respiration, the digestive and excretory systems, the exchange between the external environment and the body is realized. The reproductive organs provide reproduction.

All systems are vital.

Systems and Apparatus

Consider the common features of individual systems.

The skeleton is the musculoskeletal system, which includes all the bones, tendons, joints and somatic muscles. Both the proportion of the body and the movement and locomotion depend on it.

The lymphatic system consists of vessels, capillaries, ducts, trunks and nodes. Under slight pressure, the lymph moves through the tubes, ensuring the removal of waste products.

All internal organs of a person, the layout of which is given below, are regulated by the nervous system, which consists of a central and peripheral sections.

The main (central section) includes the spinal cord and brain.
Peripheral consists of nerves, plexuses, roots, ganglia and nerve endings.

The functions of the system are vegetative (responsible for the transmission of impulses) and somatic (connecting the brain with the skin and ODP).

The endocrine system, together with the nervous system, regulate internal reactions and sensations of the environment. Emotions, mental activity, development, growth, puberty depend on its activity.

The main organs in it are the thyroid and pancreas, testicles or ovaries, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pituitary gland and thymus.

The reproductive system is responsible for reproduction.

The digestive system is the human internal organs located in the abdominal cavity. The layout is as follows:

Its function, logically coming from the name, is to extract and deliver nutrients to cells. The location of the human abdominal organs gives a general idea of the process of digestion. It consists of mechanical and chemical processing of food, absorption, breakdown and excretion of waste products from the body.

The respiratory system consists of the upper (nasopharynx) and lower (larynx, bronchi and trachea) sections.

The immune system is the body's defense against tumors and pathogens. It consists of thymus, lymphoid tissue, spleen and lymph nodes.

The skin protects the body from temperature extremes, drying out, damage and the penetration of pathogens and toxins into it. It consists of skin, nails, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands.

Internal organs as the basis of life

The photo shows the location of the internal organs of a person with a description.

We can say that they are the basis of life. It is difficult to live without lower or upper limbs, but still possible. Likewise without the spleen. But without a heart or a liver, a person cannot live at all.

Thus, there are organs that are vital, and there are those without which life is difficult, nevertheless, possible.

At the same time, some of the first components have a paired structure, and without one of them, the entire function passes to the remaining part (for example, the kidneys).

Some structures are able to regenerate (this applies to the liver).

Nature has endowed the human body with the most complex system, to which it must be attentive and protect what is given to it in the allotted time.

There are people who neglect the most elementary things that can keep the body in order. Because of this, it becomes unusable ahead of time. Diseases appear, premature old age sets in, and a person passes away when he has not yet done all the things that he should have done.

Anatomy is a subject for study not only by physicians. A healthy interest in this issue arises, perhaps, for any person: where is the appendix, what tingles in one side or another, or why does one feel sick during pregnancy. The diagram of the position of body parts inside the body, even with superficial knowledge, can help to talk to the doctor on the phone, listen to recommendations and help the sufferer even before the ambulance arrives. For a visual understanding, you need to consider photos and images of the structure of the human body.

What is in the center

In the center of the abdominal region is the pancreas, small intestine, uterus and bladder

The anatomy of the central organs is as follows: the larynx and esophagus go down from the pharynx. The location of the larynx, which is the upper part of the trachea, is determined by the external bulge in the throat area. This place is popularly called "Adam's apple". It houses the vocal cords.

On the neck, on its front part, you can feel the thyroid gland. It is located in such a way that it envelops the two sides of the trachea, which towards the end is divided into two bronchi. The esophagus runs through the center of the human chest and leads to the stomach from the pharynx.

In the center of the abdominal region are:

Pancreas (immediately below the stomach, but slightly offset from it to the center).
Small intestine. This muscular tube connects the stomach with the large intestine and is folded inside the cavity in “loops”, since the organ can be up to six meters long.
Uterus (in women). It is located in the pelvic area, horizontally - between the bladder and the rectum.
Bladder. The location of this sac is the lower abdomen, below the ureters, above the urethra.

What's on the right and what's on the left?

The following parts of the body are located on the left of the person:

Heart.

It is located behind the lungs, that is, behind them. In fact, the position of this organ on the left is conditional. It is more correct to say that it is tilted back and to the left, since a small part of the heart also captures the right side of the chest. Human anatomy knows cases of displacement of the heart to the right, but this concerned the exceptional phenomena of the “mirror” arrangement of all the internal organs of a person.

Stomach.

It is located just below the esophagus, but not in the center, but shifted to the left hypochondrium, in the upper space of the abdominal cavity. In a calm state, the organ has a length of 15-20 cm, as it fills with food, the stomach stretches and presses on the pancreas from below, as well as on the diaphragm from above.

Spleen.

A small organ, resembling an enlarged bean in shape and size, is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, next to the stomach.

Located on the right:

Liver.

It is considered the largest human organ. Its place is under the "shelter" of the diaphragm, in the subcostal part of the abdominal cavity.

Gallbladder.

The pear-shaped organ, which has very thin walls, is located directly under the liver.

Appendix.

It is a appendix of the large "caecum", which is located near the right wall of the abdominal cavity. Sometimes this organ becomes inflamed in people - then they talk about appendicitis. Therefore, it, removed surgically, is often absent in an adult.

Paired Organs

On either side of the center are paired organs: lungs and bronchi

They are located symmetrically on both sides of the center. Adenoids are located in the upper back wall of the pharynx behind the nose. Palatine tonsils - behind the tongue, on both sides of the pharynx. Parathyroid glands - behind the thyroid gland (there are already 4 of them).

In the chest are located:

Lungs. They are located behind the ribs that protect them comprehensively.
Bronchi. They are located between the lungs and are the link between them and the trachea.

Behind the outer side of the chest, on both sides, there are mammary glands. They are located between the 3rd and 7th ribs in both women and men. In men, the mammary glands are practically not developed.

Abdominal organs:

Kidneys. They are located near the back wall of the cavity, in the lumbar region. The left kidney is usually one vertebra higher than the right.
Adrenals. The name itself speaks of the location - on top of the kidneys.
Ureters. These are the two tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder.

Among the steam rooms there are also organs related to the human reproductive system: the ovaries and fallopian tubes, which are located on both sides of the uterus on the side wall of the pelvic area, as well as the sex glands in the scrotum (in men).

In women in position

How do internal organs change during pregnancy? At this time, the body is actively rebuilt in order to provide the fetus with all the conditions necessary for development. Changes affect all body systems in a pregnant woman:

cardiovascular;
digestive;
urinary;
endocrine and others.

They adapt to the new function and individual parts of the body, changing the size, shape, and even the way they should be located. This affects the woman's well-being. Changes can provoke such phenomena as:

difficult outflow of bile;
hepatic colic;
toxicosis;
urinary incontinence;
heartburn;
constipation.

During pregnancy, the enlarged uterus puts pressure on neighboring organs.

It is not surprising, because the growing uterus occupies more and more space in the abdominal cavity, “pushing apart” the internal organs of the pregnant woman as follows:

The liver and gallbladder are higher than usual. They rise to the diaphragm and, due to the compensatory expansion of the intercostal spaces, are displaced into the chest. In addition, the liver turns 90 degrees, that is, takes a lateral position.
The stomach also rises. It experiences pressure and shrinks in size, especially in the last months of pregnancy.
The intestines also have to move to the sides, which reduces its tone.
Under the pressure of the uterus from above, the bladder descends below, significantly decreasing in volume.

Changes during pregnancy affect not only the abdominal organs, but also others:

The heart grows in size, forced to work for two.
The mammary glands become much larger.
There is a thickening of the fallopian tubes, which during pregnancy fall lower and are located along the side wall of the uterus.

The diagram in the photo clearly demonstrates the main changes that a woman's anatomy undergoes during pregnancy.

After childbirth, the woman's body gradually returns to its previous state. The organs take their original position, although the uterus remains slightly enlarged.

Psychologists note that a woman who knows anatomy is easier to endure physical discomfort during pregnancy and treat her own body with conscious gratitude.

1. Violations in the skeletal system. 2. The head of the pancreas. 3. Basilar insufficiency. 4. Upper pole of the right kidney. 5. Lower pole of the right kidney. 6. Ureter of the right kidney. 7. The bottom of the gallbladder. 8. Right side of the transverse colon. 9. Duct of the gallbladder. 10. Representation of the right mammary gland.

11. Liver capsule, scapulohumeral periarthritis, cervical osteochondrosis. 12. Energy imbalance in the lung. 13. Right kidney with bladder. 14. Right lobe of the liver. 15. Right kidney. 16. Right kidney. 17. Right adrenal gland. 18. Violation of the blood circulation of the pelvic organs. 19. Ascending colon. 20. Small intestine on the right.

21. Inflammation of the elbow joint. 22. Parenchyma of the right kidney. 23. Head and body of the pancreas. 24. Ascending colon. 25. Bladder (right half). 26. Small intestine. 27. Small intestine (right side). 28. Right ovary in women and right testicle in men. 30. Sexual organ (right side).

31. Right lung. 32. Ascending colon. 33. 60. Nervous system. 34. 59. Small intestine. 35. 57. Infringement of the sciatic nerve. 36. Arthrosis of the right hip joint. 37. Arthrosis of the right knee joint. 38. Right kidney. 39. Ligament apparatus of the right knee joint. 40. Ureter of the right kidney.

41. The bottom of the gallbladder. 42. The body of the gallbladder. 43. Ducts of the gallbladder. 44. Pathology of the right ankle joint (arthrosis). 45. Tendovaginitis. 46. Large intestine. 47. Pathology of the left ankle joint (arthrosis). 48. Duct of the gallbladder. 49. Body of the gallbladder. 50. The bottom of the gallbladder.

51. Ureter of the left kidney. 52. Ligament apparatus of the left knee joint. 53. Left kidney. 54. Arthrosis of the left knee joint. 55. Arthrosis of the left hip joint. 56. Sexual organ (left side). 57. Infringement of the sciatic nerve. 58. Small intestine (left side). 59. Heart, small intestine. 60. Nervous system.

61. Descending colon. 62. Left lung. 63. Heart disorders. 65. Left ovary in women and left testicle in men. 66. Disorder of the genital organs. 67. Small intestine. 68. Left half of the bladder. 69. Body and tail of the pancreas. 70. Descending colon.

71. Heart disorders. 72. Parenchyma of the left kidney. 73. Small intestine on the left. 74. Large intestine on the left. 75. Stomach. 76. Violation of the circulation of the pelvic organs on the left. 77. Left adrenal gland. 78. Pancreas. 79. Left kidney. 80. Left kidney.

81. Left kidney with bladder. 82. Energy center of the heart. 83. Capsule of the spleen, scapulohumeral periarthritis. 84. Mammary gland. 85. A. - heart failure; V. - valvular disorders; S. - ischemia, angina pectoris; D. - violation of the heart rhythm. 86. The left part of the colon. 87. Left ureter. 88. Lower pole of the left kidney. 89. Upper pole of the left kidney. 90. Basilar insufficiency. 91. Tail part and body of the pancreas. 92. Subluxation at the base of the skull. 93. Lymphatic and renal imbalance.