Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics

(Technical University)

Department of Ecology and Law

Laboratory work in the discipline Life Safety: “Assessment of the state of natural and artificial lighting of industrial premises”

Performed by students of group EP-62: Andrey Omirov

Masalkina Natalya

Checked by: Malakhov Anatoly Vasilievich

Moscow 2007

Theoretical information:

By its nature, light is electromagnetic waves with a length from 380 to 770 nm. The main lighting technical quantities include luminous flux, luminous intensity, brightness, illumination, and reflection coefficient.

Luminous flux is defined as the power of radiant energy measured by the luminous sensation it produces to the human eye. The unit of luminous flux is the lumen (lm).

Luminous intensity is determined by the ratio of the luminous flux to the solid angle in which it propagates (cd).

Illumination is the density of luminous flux on an illuminated surface. Equipping is measured in lux (lx).

The brightness of a surface in a given direction is the ratio of the luminous intensity received by the surface in this direction to the projection of the luminous surface onto a plane perpendicular to this direction. Luminance unit 0 candela per square meter (cd/m^2)

The reflectance coefficient characterizes the ability of a surface to reflect the light flux incident on it and is determined by the ratio of the light flux reflected from the surface to the incident one.

Depending on the light source used, industrial lighting can be of three types: natural, artificial and mixed. Natural lighting is created directly by the solar disk, diffuse (scattered) light from the sky and radiation reflected from the earth's surface.

According to the method of implementation, natural lighting is divided into side lighting, carried out through windows in the external walls; upper, organized through lanterns and openings in the upper parts of buildings; combined, i.e. joint use of side and top lighting.

Due to significant changes in the amount of illumination in natural light, caused by temporary and meteorological factors, not the absolute value of illumination, but the relative one - the coefficient of natural illumination (k.u.o), determined by the ratio:

e = (E in *100/E n), where

E in - illumination at a given point indoors, lux;

E n - simultaneously measured external illumination in the horizontal plane, created by light from a completely open sky, lux.

The normalized value of k.e.o. should be determined by the formula:

en=e*m*c %, where

e – tabulated values ​​of k.e.o., %

m – light climate coefficient (excluding direct sunlight)

с – sunshine coefficient (taking into account direct sunlight), depending on the location of the building; c=0.65-1.0

For Moscow, located in the III zone of light climate, m = 1.0 and c = 1.0

Assessment of the state of natural lighting in the room (room 518)

Point numbers	Lighting method	Distance of points from the light opening, m	External illumination, lux	Indoor illumination, lux	K.e.o according to measurement results, %	Characteristics of visual performance	Normalized k.e.o., %	Notes
	Natural					Low accuracy		e>e n in auditorium 518 the level of illumination is sufficient for work of average precision.

Assessment of the state of artificial lighting of industrial premises

Three types of lighting are used in industrial premises: natural artificial and mixed. Artificial lighting is created using specially designed light sources, while mixed lighting uses natural and artificial lighting simultaneously.

Artificial lighting is regulated by the absolute value of illumination in lux. The minimum illumination value is set for various light sources and lighting systems depending on the conditions of visual work, which are determined by the smallest size of the object located at a distance of no more than 0.5 m from the eyes of the worker, the contrast of the object with the background and the characteristics of the background.

For artificial lighting, incandescent lamps and gas-discharge lamps are used. Incandescent lamps are thermal radiation light sources; electrical energy is converted into electromagnetic energy when the filament is heated to the glow temperature.

In gas-discharge lamps, light arises as a result of an electrical discharge in gases, metal vapors, or mixtures thereof. These include fluorescent lamps, in which the inner surface of the tube is coated with a phosphor, mercury arc lamps with metal iodides, and xenon lamps.

To calculate artificial lighting, utilization factor and point methods are used. When calculating using the first method, both direct and reflected light are taken into account; the second is used to calculate the illumination of arbitrarily located surfaces for any illumination distribution.

The point method is based on the equation:

F = (1000*E*k*H p)/(µ*∑e), where

F – luminous flux of lamps, lm;

E – normalized illumination, lux;

k – safety factor, taking into account the decrease in luminous flux as the light source ages;

H p – distance from the lamp to the working surface, m;

µ - coefficient taking into account the action of distant lamps and the reflected component of the luminous flux;

∑e – conditional horizontal illumination from lamps of nearby lamps according to spatial isolux graphs for lamps with a conditional luminous flux of lamps of 1000 lm.

The more common method is the luminous flux utilization coefficient, the basic calculation formula of which is:

F = (E n * S*k*z)/N*ή), where

F – luminous flux of lamps, lm;

E n - standardized minimum illumination, lux;

S – room area, m2;

k – coefficient taking into account the decrease in luminous flux as the light source ages;

z – illumination unevenness coefficient;

N – number of lamps, pcs. ;

ή – utilization factor of the lighting installation, fraction of one.

To determine the utilization factor, you need to find the room index I and the reflection coefficients of the room surfaces (walls and ceilings). The index is determined by the formula

I = (AB)/H p (A+B)

Calculation of artificial lighting using the utilization factor method Low precision work

Room: length - 7m, width - 5m, height - 4m.

A fluorescent lamp LD 40-4 was chosen as a light source (luminous flux of lamps F = 2225 lux, power 40 W). Lamp type PVLP (2 lamps 40 W each, dimensions 1350 × 230 × 180).

Illumination unevenness coefficient z = 1.1.

Coefficient taking into account the decrease in luminous flux k = 1.8.

Let's find the room index I, in order to then find the number of lamps in the premises for high-precision work.

I = ((AB)/H p (A+B)) = 7*5/(4*12)=0.73, we find from the table ή = 0.73

N = ((E n *S*k*z)/ (ή*F)) = ((200*35*1.8*1.1)/(2225*0.73))=9

To illuminate this auditorium, for low-precision operation, 9 lamps are required. This means that 5 lamps must be placed in the classroom, two lamps in each.

Workplace number		Workplace number	Illumination of the workplace, lux

En=200 lux for low precision work. Thus, all places are suitable for low-precision work

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Penza State University

Report on the implementation of laboratory work No. 1 in the discipline “Life Safety”

Topic: “Study of visual work conditions in a production facility”

Completed by: students gr. 06MP1

Tumaev D.

Besshaposhnikov A.

Checked by: Ph.D., Associate Professor

Kostinevich V.V.

Purpose of the work: to familiarize students with the regulation of industrial lighting, with instruments and methods for determining illumination at workplaces, to teach ways to rationalize visual working conditions and increase visual performance.

Laboratory work was carried out using a Yu-116 luxmeter.

Electrical circuit diagram of the Yu-116 lux meter:

B - selenium photocell;

R - magnetoelectric system device;

(RI - R4) - resistors;

S - measurement limit switch;

X1, X2 - socket and plug of selenium photocell and device R.

Task option No. 2

Study the principle of standardization of industrial lighting (see Table 9). For the type of visual work specified by the teacher, determine the normalized illumination value or KEO depending on the type of lighting (artificial, combined, natural). Using the Yu-116 luxmeter, check the compliance of the actual and normalized values ​​for specific conditions. Based on the data obtained, fill out the table. 6. In case of discrepancy between the actual and standardized values, provide recommendations for improving visual working conditions. When measuring illumination in rooms illuminated by fluorescent lamps, the luxmeter readings must be multiplied by the coefficient k 1 = 1.17 (for LB lamps), for fluorescent lamps (LD) k 1 = 0.99.

Table 3 Study of the nature of changes in KEO in the production area

Table 6. Determination of parameters characterizing visual working conditions

Type of visual work

Object of distinction

Job category

Characteristics of visual work SNiP 23-05-95

Type of lighting

Lighting system

Characteristics of the light source

Background characteristics

Object Contrast distinction from the background

Visual subcategory work

Standardized values ​​(SNiP 23-05-95)

Name

size, mm

reflection coefficient r O

Name

reflection coefficient, r Ф

degree of lightness

illumination, lux

Hole

High precision

Artificial

Fluorescent lamps

Lathe (dark green)

Conclusion: in the course of this laboratory work, we became familiar with the standardization of industrial lighting, as well as with the Yu-116 lux meter and methods for determining illumination at workplaces. Were trained in ways to rationalize visual working conditions and improve visual performance.

1 Р – glare coefficient, measured in relative units.

2 k П – coefficient of illumination pulsation, %.

Occupational safety and health protection

Study of parameters of natural and artificial industrial lighting. Study of industrial noise and the effectiveness of combating it. Study of the conditions for ignition of flammable substances from static electricity...

Life safety

LABORATORY PRACTICUM

Under the general editorship of Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences G. V. Tyagunova

Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences A. A. Volkova

Ekaterinburg

URFU

2011

	page
general instructions for implementation laboratory work........................................................ .......................
study of dust levels in workplaces.................................................................... ........................................................ ...................
Study of parameters of natural and artificial industrial lighting.................................
Study of industrial noise and the effectiveness of combating it.................................................... ....................
Research on the effectiveness of vibration isolation......................
Electrical safety................................................. ................................
Study of the process of extinguishing a flame in a gap....
Study of the conditions for ignition of flammable substances from static electricity....................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.................................................................... ...................
APPLICATION................................................. ........................................................ .......

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
LABORATORY WORK

1. The completion of laboratory work should be preceded by students’ independent study of theoretical material on this topic.
2. Students are allowed to perform laboratory work after passing a colloquium on theoretical material and the procedure for completing the work;
3. The results of the work are documented in a report, which is submitted to the teacher for review.
4. The report must contain the following data:
   • title page indicating the title of the work, full name. and student group number, full name. teacher;
   • Objective;
   • diagram of the experimental setup with captions;
   • table with measurement results, calculations, graphs;
   • conclusions on the work with mandatory references to regulatory documents on the basis of which the conclusion was made.
5. The report form must be prepared in advance.

safety precautions when performing
laboratory work

General rules

1. When performing work, you must be careful, remembering that carelessness and violation of discipline during classes can lead to an accident.
2. If you have any doubts while performing assigned work, immediately stop working and contact your supervisor for clarification on correct and safe work practices.
3. No work should be performed in the laboratory that is not related to the assigned task, and work should be performed in accordance with the methodological manual.
4. Handle instruments and equipment in the laboratory with care.
5. Immediately report the accident to the teacher conducting the class.
6. Before starting the lesson, turn off the communication equipment or set it to silent mode.
7. The devices are turned on after the colloquium is passed.
8. When turning electrical appliances on and off, hold the plug by the body, not by the cord.
9. During breaks in work, be sure to turn off the electrical appliance or installation.
10. Do not carry out repairs on electrical installations and devices yourself; report any equipment malfunctions to the teacher leading the lesson.
11. Turn on devices and installations only for the duration of measurement.
12. After completing measurements, you must turn off the installation or devices.
13. Tidy up your workspace.
14. Return measuring instruments and methodological manuals to the teacher conducting classes with the group.
15. Make a note of the completion of the work from the teacher leading the class.

STUDY OF DUST CONTAINMENT IN AIR
AT THE WORKPLACE

Goal of the work practically become familiar with the methodology for determining the concentration of dust in the air and, based on the results obtained, determine the hazard class of working conditions according to the dust factor.

General information

Concept and classification of dust

The concept of “dust” characterizes the physical state of a substance, i.e. its fragmentation into small particles.

vapors and gases form mixtures with air; solid particles suspended in the air are dispersed systems, or aerosols

Dust formation occurs during crushing, grinding, grinding, grinding, drilling and other operations (disintegration aerosols). Dust is also formed as a result of condensation in the air of vapors of heavy metals and other substances (condensation aerosols).

Aerosols are divided into:

1. for dust (solid particle size more than 1 micron);
2. smoke (less than 1 micron);
3. fog (a mixture of tiny liquid particles with air, less than 10 microns).

The effect of dust on the human body

The effect of dust on the human body can be:

1. general toxic;
2. annoying;
3. fibrogenic proliferation of connective tissue ( fibrous) lung tissue.

Dust, if it is toxic, belongs to the class of chemical hazardous and harmful production factors according to GOST 12.0.003-74 SSBT.

For non-toxic dusts, the fibrogenic effect is most pronounced, therefore, during hygienic standards, they are called aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action (APFA). In this case, according to dust, it is classified as a physical hazardous and harmful production factor.

The inhaled air through the trachea and bronchi enters the alveoli of the lungs, where gas exchange occurs between blood and lymph. Depending on the size and properties of pollutants, their absorption occurs in different ways.

Coarse particles become trapped in the upper respiratory tract and, if they are not toxic, can cause a condition called dust bronchitis . Fine dust particles (0.5-5 microns) reach the alveoli and can lead to an occupational disease, which is collectively called pneumoconiosis . Its varieties: silicosis (inhalation of dust containing SiO 2 ), anthracosis (inhalation of coal dust), asbestosis (inhalation of asbestos dust), etc.

Dust regulation is carried out according to the same principle as the regulation of harmful substances, i.e. according to maximum permissible concentrations (MPC).

Maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the airMPC working area r.z such a concentration of a substance in the air of the working area, which during daily (except weekends) work for 8 o'clock ov or other duration, but no more 40 hours per week, during the entire working period, cannot cause diseases or changes in health status that are detectable modern methods research in the process of work or in the distant future of the present and subsequent generations. The maximum permissible concentration values ​​for harmful substances in the air of the working area are given in regulatory documents.

To prevent occupational diseases associated with increased dust levels in the air, dust control measures are taken at enterprises:

• sealing dust sources;
• pneumatic and wet cleaning of premises;
• ventilation of premises;
• use of personal protective equipment against dust (Fig. 1);
• periodic monitoring of air dust levels in workplaces.

Respiratory protection

Respirator RPG-67 (assembled) Respirator PHOENIX F-2/5 FFP1 Respirator U-2K Respirator PHOENIX F-2/5 FFP2 Respirator "LEPESTOK-200", made in the Russian Federation Full mask 6000 Half mask respirator 6000 Anti-aerosol respirator 9312

Eye protection

L-20 safety glasses L-20 anti-fog protective glasses Vi-Max glasses Vi-Max acetate glasses

Hand protection

Cotton mittens made of double-thread fabric “Uzbek”» Gloves EF-U-02 Knitted gloves with latex Knitted gloves with double latex coating

Rice. 1. Personal protective equipment against dust

To determine dust content in the air, two methods can be used: weight and counting.

Using the weight method, dust content is characterized by the amount of dust contained in 1 m 3 air brought to normal conditions (760 mm Hg, 20 O s and relative humidity 50%), expressed in mg. Thus, the dust dimension using the gravimetric method is mg/m 3 .

Using the counting method, air dustiness is characterized by the number of dust particles per 1 cm 3 air brought to normal conditions. When converting weight data into counting data, it is usually assumed that 1 mg/m 3 corresponds to approximately 200 dust grains (0.42 µm in diameter) per 1 cm 3 air. The counting method allows you to determine the fractional (sometimes the term “dispersed”) composition of dust, which, for example, needs to be known when choosing dust cleaning products.

The fractional composition of dust is expressed in micrometers and divided into fractions with sizes: 0- 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 20, 20-40, 40-60 and more than 60 microns.

Important advantages of the counting method are faster sampling and no necessity have a source of energy (electrical or pneumatic) at the sampling site. However, the amount of air sucked in using the counting method is very small (usually a few cubic centimeters), so the representativeness of counting samples is small (instantaneous dust concentration at one point is measured), which is the main disadvantage of the counting method.

Devices for taking countable samples are usually called dust counters (conimeters). The most widely used meters are SN-2, OUENS-1 and TVK-3. In any of these devices, dusty air is sucked into a removable cassette chamber, one of the walls of which is lubricated with a special balm. In this chamber, the process of collecting dust occurs under the influence of inertial forces. As a result, a dust track is formed on the plate of one of the walls of the cassette chamber, which is processed in the laboratory under a microscope. Counting samples take a relatively long time to process, so the time savings gained from quickly taking samples are negated by the processing time. Taking into account the above, the weight method for determining dust concentration in the air is adopted as the main (standard) method in the Russian Federation, and the counting method is used as an auxiliary one.

Determination of dust concentration in the air by gravimetric method

The weight method is based on passing dust-laden air through a dust filter and then determining the mass of collected dust. The air being tested is passed through a special factory-made filter (AFA type), which is weighed before and after sampling. The weight concentration of dust is determined by the formula

, (1)

where C f weight concentration of dust, mg/m 3 ;

m 2 the same after sampling, mg;

m 1 weight of the filter before sampling, mg;

V 0 volume of air drawn through the filter, reduced to normal conditions, m 3 , which is determined by the formula

. (2)

Here Q volume of air passed through the filter, m 3 ,

, (3)

where g volumetric velocity (air flow) during sampling (l/min);

sampling time (min);

R atmospheric pressure at the sampling site, mm Hg. Art.;

P 0 water vapor pressure at a temperature of 20 0 C and humidity 50% (constant value equal to 8.7 mm Hg, or 1160 Pa).

partial pressure of saturated water vapor at air temperature at the sampling site, mm Hg. Art., taken from Table 1.

t air temperature at the sampling site, 0 C;

Table 1

Partial pressure of saturated water vapor in air

t , 0 C	mmHg .	t , 0 C	mmHg.	t , 0 C	mmHg .	t , 0 C	mmHg .
	0,927		5,687		11,908		23,550
	1,400		6,097		12,699		24,988
	2,093		6,534		13,836		26,503
	3,113		6,988		14,421		28,101
	3,368		7,492		15,397		29,782
	3,644		8,017		16,346		31,548
	3,941		8,574		17,391		33,406
	4,263		9,165		18,495		35,359
	4,600		9,762		19,659		37,411
	4,940		10,457		20,888		39,565
	5,300		11,162		22,184		41,827

Obtained actual concentration value S f dust must be compared with MPC for a given type of dust and determine the ratio S f / MPC.

Based on the obtained ratio, the class of working conditions according to the dust factor is determined (see Table A.1) and conclusions are drawn.

As can be seen from table. Clause 2, which provides maximum permissible concentration values ​​for certain types of dust, the degree of harmfulness of dust is determined by its chemical composition.

In industrial conditions, dust usually has a complex chemical composition and its harmfulness is assessed by one of its components, usually the most harmful. Then the actual concentrationfor this componentis determined taking into account its percentage in dust using the formula

, (4)

where to percentage of this component in dust.

For example, dust is examined in a room where soldering is done using lead-containing solder To = 40%. Then the harmfulness of dust will be assessed by lead with its concentration of 0.4 S F .

When performing work, the type of dust is indicated by the teacher (from the list given in Table A.1).

Description of the laboratory setup

The laboratory installation for determining dust concentration (see Fig. 2) is a dust chamber 1, simulating a room in which air dust content is determined, and an instrument unit 2. In the dust chamber there is a fan, with the help of which the dust present in the chamber forms an aerosol, t .e. two-phase medium: air + solid dust particles. The chamber has a built-in lighting lantern that illuminates it; Thanks to the flashlight, you can visually observe the degree of dust in the air through the window. Through a hole in the chamber, which is closed with a lid and plug when not in use, an air sample is taken using a special cartridge with a filter.

A blower is built into the instrument compartment to draw dust-laden air through the filter. Consumption of drawn air ( g ) is determined using float flow meter 3 (rotameter).

In block 2, four rotameters are installed in such a way that the filter cartridge can be connected to any of them using a rubber tube. Regulation of air flow through the filter before sampling is carried out by screw 4 along the lower edge of the float located inside the flowmeter tube.

Laboratory work also uses an analytical balance to weigh filters, a thermometer to measure indoor air temperature, a barometer to measure atmospheric pressure, a psychrometer to measure relative humidity, and a clock (stopwatch) to determine the sampling time.

Rice. 2. Scheme (a) and general view (b ) laboratory installation:

1 dust chamber; 2 instrument unit; 3 rotameters; 4 air flow regulator; 5 indicators; 6 toggle switch for turning on the installation; 7 toggle switch for turning on the blower; 8 fan switch; 9 rubber hose; 10 cap

Work procedure

1. Weigh a clean filter on an analytical balance, insert it into the cartridge and secure it with a retaining ring.

1. Turn on the installation to the network using toggle switch 6, then use toggle switch 8 to turn on the fan in the dust chamber with lid 10 closed.
2. Set the air flow rate through the filter specified by the teacher. To do this, use the middle toggle switch 7 to turn on the blower (aspirator) and adjust the required flow rate with screw 4.
3. Insert the filter cartridge into the hole in the dust chamber, having first removed the cover (plug) from it.
4. Turn on the stopwatch to control the sampling time. This time is set by the teacher.
5. After completing the sampling, turn off the installation, remove the cartridge with the filter from the hole in the dust chamber, immediately closing the hole with the lid, carefully remove the filter from the cartridge and weigh it again on the scale.
6. Record the barometric pressure and air temperature in the room using instruments.
7. Based on the results obtained, calculate the concentration of dust in the air.
8. As the work progresses, enter all results into the table. 2.
9. draw conclusions based on the results of the work:

• whether the concentration of dust in the air of the premises under study corresponds or does not correspond to sanitary and hygienic standards;
• class of working conditions in the workplace for this factor in accordance with the Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process R 2.2.2006-05;
• recommended measures to improve the air quality (if required).

table 2

Table of results of measurements of dust content in the air

	Magnitude	designate reading	size- ness	meaning
	Filter weight before sampling		mg
	Filter weight after sampling	m 2	mg
	Mass of dust deposited on the filter	m 1 m 2	mg
	Air flow through the filter		l/min
	Sampling duration		min
	atmospheric pressure at the sampling site		mmHg Art.
	air temperature at the sampling site		0 C
	partial pressure of saturated water vapor at temperature t		mmHg Art.
	water vapor pressure at a temperature of 20 0 C and humidity 50%	P 0	mmHg Art.
	Volume of air passed through the filter		m 3
	The same, reduced to normal conditions		m 3
	Characteristics of dust (set by the teacher)
	Actual dust concentration	S f	mg/m 3
	Actual dust concentration for a given component	With FC	mg/m 3
	Ratio of actual concentration to maximum permissible	S f / MPC (S fk / MPC )	once
	Class of working conditions according to the dust factor

Control questions

1. What is dust?
2. What types of aerosols are divided into depending on their origin, composition and size?
3. What class of hazardous and harmful production factors does dust belong to?
4. List the types of effects of dust on the human body.
5. What factors determine the harmful effects of dust on the human body?
6. What types of diseases are caused by working in an environment with high dust levels?
7. What characteristics are used to standardize dust in the air of industrial premises?
8. Formulate the concept of maximum permissible concentration.
9. What regulatory documents contain the values ​​of maximum permissible concentrations of dust in the air of industrial premises?
10. What dust control measures are most often used in production?
11. What methods exist for determining the concentration of dust in the air?
12. Give a comparative assessment of the weight and counting methods for determining air dust content.
13. What are “normal conditions”? Why does the volume of air obtained in the experiment need to be brought to normal conditions, and how is this done?
14. How to determine the actual concentration of a given component based on its percentage in dust of complex composition?
15. How is the class of working conditions determined by the dust factor?

STUDYING THE PARAMETERS OF THE NATURAL
AND ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION LIGHTING

Purpose of work become familiar with the standardization of workplace lighting, methods and instruments for measuring illumination, the influence of various factors on the quality of workplace lighting, with a stroboscopic effect.

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

Natural, combined and artificial lighting is used to illuminate the premises.

Natural lighting is created by natural light sources: direct sunlight and diffuse light from the sky (from sunlight scattered by the atmosphere). Natural lighting is biologically the most valuable type of lighting, to which the human eye is most adapted. Of particular importance is the quality of the light environment indoors, where a person must be provided not only with visual comfort, but also with the necessary biological effect of lighting.

 Premises with constant occupancy should, as a rule, have natural light.

The following types of natural lighting are used in production premises: side lighting through windows in the external walls; upper through skylights in the ceilings; combined through skylights and windows.

In buildings with insufficient natural light, combined lighting is usedcombination of natural and artificial light. Artificial lighting in a combined lighting system can operate continuously (in areas with insufficient natural light) or turn on at dusk.

Artificial lighting in industrial enterprises is provided by incandescent lamps and gas-discharge lamps and is intended to illuminate work surfaces when there is insufficient natural light and at night.

General artificial lighting is intended to illuminate the entire room, local (in a combined system) to increase the illumination of only working surfaces or individual parts of equipment. General lighting in a combined system must provide at least 10% of the required illumination standards. Its purpose in this case is to equalize brightness and eliminate sharp shadows.The use of local lighting only is not allowed.

General uniform illuminationprovides for the placement of lamps (in a rectangular or checkerboard pattern) to create rational illumination when performing the same type of work throughout the room, with a high density of jobs. General localizedlighting is used to provide illumination in a given plane at a number of workplaces, when an additional lamp is installed near each of them, as well as when performing work of various types in workshop areas or when there is shading equipment.

2. Illumination regulation

The required illumination levels for working lighting are standardized in accordance with SNiP 2.3.05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting”, depending on the accuracy of the production operations performed, the light properties of the working surface and the part in question, and the lighting system.

2.1. Basic lighting characteristics

Light is electromagnetic waves of the optical range visible to the eye with a length of 380760 nm