For several years of reforms, including the administrative one, the attitude of society towards officials has deteriorated sharply. A third of Russians believe that as a result of the reforms, the arbitrariness of the highest bureaucracy and ordinary officials has not only not weakened, but, on the contrary, has increased. At the same time, 2/3 of the population considers the current activities of the bureaucracy in the country to be extremely inefficient. In addition, most people note that there has been an organic merger of bureaucracy with business, which resulted in. These are the disappointing results of the study "The Bureaucracy and Power of the New Russia: Positions of the Population and Experts' Estimates," recently conducted by the Center for Comprehensive Social Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to the head of the study, director of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Mikhail Gorshkov, as part of this work, for the first time, scientists decided to try to compare the opinion of Russian society about the Russian bureaucracy and the opinion of the bureaucracy about itself. 1500 citizens were interviewed representing 11 social groups, from workers and pensioners to entrepreneurs, as well as 300 employees of district, city and regional administrations.

The image of Russian bureaucracy in the eyes of compatriots is simply terrible, especially in comparison with how they represent the image of an official in Western Europe. If the leading qualities of a Western European official from the point of view of the Russian public are competence, efficiency, culture and education, responsibility and reliability, creativity and incorruptibility (there are no negative qualities among the eight dominant qualities), then the portrait of his Russian colleague is directly opposite: indifference to people, venality, indifference to the interests of the country, irresponsibility and incompetence. “Of course, in this regard, the well-known saying “It’s good where we don’t exist” comes to mind. This is true. But we set the task not to consider public opinion as a criterion for evaluating Western and Russian bureaucracy, but to understand why exactly such ideas arise in the mind our people, why is the image of a European official idealized, although, of course, it is far from being so positive, there is also corruption, and greed, and indifference to people.There is only one answer: personal experience communication of our ordinary citizen with our bureaucracy. A vicious circle is being created: on the one hand, the authorities, officials ignore the interests and rights of citizens, on the other hand, the majority of citizens pay them in the same coin. Not only do they paint an extremely negative image of their native bureaucracy, they also seek to bypass legal or legitimate ways to solve their pressing problems. If there is an opportunity not to communicate with a government official, it is used 100%. And only when this is not possible, our people turn to the state apparatus," Mikhail Gorshkov notes.

Of course, the civil servant himself sees himself completely differently and distances himself from the assessments that society gives him. He is sure that in the eyes of society, his main qualities are professionalism, knowledge of his business, diligence and efficiency. Opinions also differ about the reasons for the inefficient activity of the bureaucracy. Ordinary citizens are sure that, first of all, they lie in impunity. This is followed by dishonesty and low morale. Officials, in turn, put the imperfection of laws in the first place, in the second - a heavy workload, and in the third - the low level of their own salaries. At the same time, here is a paradox, in all aspects of life satisfaction officials are several times ahead of the bulk of the population. They are satisfied with the standard of living, the opportunity to dress, eat, make meaningful use of their leisure time, and go on vacation. And even officials estimate their social status much higher than the middle strata of the population. In the sample of the study, there was not a single official who would rate his social status as "bad".

When asked what needs to be done to increase the efficiency of the bureaucracy, two-thirds of Russians answered: to strengthen public control over the work of officials. And only a quarter of the officials themselves agreed with them. The second suggestion is to introduce a ban on holding public office for people who have already been guilty in the civil service (who have made serious mistakes, caught in a bribe). Half of the population and only 30% of officials agree with this. Only in the need for more careful selection of people in the state apparatus in terms of qualifications, education, the positions of the population and officials turned out to be more or less close. And, finally, the most amazing results were given by the point of research on what drives the Russian bureaucracy. It is not at all surprising that 2/3 of the citizens believe that the bureaucracy has only one interest - the strengthening of personal influence at the levels where they work, personal enrichment, strengthening their power. But officials themselves are in solidarity with this, which they did not hesitate to admit in the course of the study. There was not a single group of civil servants in the field of management where this point of view did not dominate.

"The understanding of the isolation of their interests has reached its highest point. This layer begins to withdraw into itself and already feels like a class for itself. Today, an official in Russia is already more than an official. This is an exceptionally privileged class stratum of society, a caste that lives for itself, and not for the sake of society, not coordinating their interests with the interests of the country. And the fact that this administrative apparatus is not built into society, but flutters over it, is the most tragic result of our study, "says its leader.

“A deeper analysis of the study reveals another sad aspect,” adds Olga Kryshtanovskaya, head of the Elite Study Sector of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. money came out. What does this mean? That the population is looking for those gaps in society, those professions that bring this money, and rushes there. The prestige of these professions is increasing. And, as the study shows, more than 50% of young people find public service attractive. But the same The young people themselves believe that the most important thing in life for them is to reach a certain material level.Let's compare these things: young people want to go to public service because it is prestigious, but at the same time they want to earn a lot of money.That is, they expect that the civil service will bring them a lot of money, and the salaries of officials, as everyone knows, are low, and this corruption lag is very visible in this study. Officialdom. All lawsuits punish those who give bribes. Giving a bribe is bad, risky, but taking it with impunity is normal. Thus, corrupt bureaucracy creates a negative trend for social development. It corrupts the public consciousness, and young people are brought up in the notion that corruption is good, this is something to strive for, and the civil service is a place where you can live comfortably not because there is a high salary, but because the fact that you can take appropriate bribes. I think this is one of the most dramatic and very disturbing results of the study."

In Russia, a survey was recently conducted among university graduates. To the question: “Where would you like to work?” - the majority answered: in the state structure. And where else will a person be protected as with a government official's certificate?

“You are for hundreds, we are for Israel”

While hard workers in factories that have switched to a shorter week are looking for an opportunity to earn some money somewhere, deputies of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg in the near future will legitimize for themselves the right to “skip” meetings of the city parliament.

By the way, everyone is entitled to 5 thousand rubles a month. for mobile communications, with a maximum price of an unlimited tariff of about 3 thousand rubles. per month. In addition, at the end of 2008, at the second attempt, a law was passed on amending the register of state posts in St. Petersburg. The position of head of department is introduced in the administration of the Assembly staff. Their Moscow counterparts - "United Russia" from the Moscow City Duma - adopted the city budget for 2009 at the end of December: spending on education will be 25 billion rubles less than planned, on healthcare - minus 24 billion rubles. But, as the deputy of the City Duma, the leader of Yabloko, S. Mitrokhin, confirmed to AiF, the Moscow authorities will continue to develop a piece of Israeli land near the Dead Sea and build a sanatorium where "ordinary Muscovites" can rest for $ 10 million of the city budget . About how the capital's officials themselves know how to relax and work, the other day it became known from the materials of the criminal case: under the guise of a seminar, senior officials of the prefecture of the Northern District with their families spent a wonderful weekend in a fashionable hotel near Moscow. Even talking about cost reduction is somehow inconvenient.

But this is loudly stated by the Governor of the Trans-Baikal Territory, Ravil Geniatulin: "Acquisitions end here, 2009 is declared a dead season for the acquisition of inventory and possible reconstructions." And after that, the administration is preparing a decree on the creation in the region of the institute of plenipotentiary representatives of the governor. There will be 16 in total. States are still kept secret, but they may need 16 premises, cars, drivers and secretaries who will sit in the office.

In the Samara region back in late 2003, the governor had 1 vice-governor and 23 heads of departments. Today the governor is assisted by 1 vice-governor, 7 deputies and 12 ministries. The Ministry of Health and Social Development alone employs 336 people.

According to the publicist Yu. Latynina, the provincial "princes" sometimes amaze the capital with their chic: the guards of the wife of one former head of the North Caucasian republic, when a lady entered a fashionable store in the capital, simply unceremoniously escorted all other visitors out. There are legends about the breathtaking collection of expensive cars of the President of Chechnya R. Kadyrov.

“I could not believe my eyes,” a resident of Moscow writes to the editor. “I was standing at the crossroads behind a $100,000 Porsche Jeep. It was painted in the colors of… the fire brigade.” Obviously more than 100 thousand dollars is worth the official "Audi" of the head of the Sverdlovsk traffic police. A photograph of his "membership" parked in violation of the rules has recently spread all over the media. How many ordinary patrol cars could you buy with that money?

They are not used to saving

Oksana Dmitrieva, State Duma deputy, member of the budget committee:

In Russia, the salaries of officials are built according to a special scheme, not like other civil servants - doctors, teachers, librarians, etc. As a result, the salaries of the domestic federal and regional authorities reach 5-6 thousand dollars and are comparable to the salaries of their colleagues in America and Europe. What, alas, cannot be said about the salaries of Russian state employees. At the same time, our officials are not accustomed to saving. For example, in the Swedish parliament, unlike in Russia, deputies do not have personal drivers, secretaries, or assistants. And all because public control is developed in Sweden. I am a supporter of the election of governors and the political struggle between parties - only then will the bureaucracy understand that its fate depends on the position of the voters, that is, the population.

Number of officials in Russia

The financial crisis is not a reason to deny yourself.

Apparently, this is why State Duma deputies have raised their salaries by 13.5% since 2009 (according to the Duma's estimate). Plus, no one, of course, did not refuse all the benefits - mobile communications, office apartments in the west of Moscow, free travel and flights, official cars.

Andrey, an assistant to deputy Vasily Sidorov (his name has been changed), is worried. The New Year's bonus was first delayed, and then not fully accrued. “We used to be spoiled: just what a holiday, Russia Day, for example, keep the award and don’t deny yourself anything. And now they are threatening that they will leave only three bonuses a year. The salary has not been cut yet, Andrei admits without joy, but the money is depreciating. “If only they would pay in euros!” he sighs dreamily. They are talking about changing the system of payments to employees of the Duma apparatus - no regular accruals for you. Travelers delay.

But in the State Duma there is a new fashionable feature - now it is important not only how much money you have on a credit card, but also how this card looks. And the latest peep of the Duma card fashion looks glamorous: a black card, made in the technique of silk-screen printing, with gold plating, encrusted with diamonds. In the same Courchevel, such people were first accepted with distrust, now, they say, they are used to it. Servants of the Russian people are frequent guests there. Even in a crisis. In a French resort on New Year's holidays, both the chairman of a Duma committee and the deputy head of the Duma faction were drinking.

With a breathy assistant Andrey talks about another inhabitant of Okhotny Ryad, a non-smoker owner of a mansion in the center of Moscow. If the guests of the deputy deign to smoke, then they are supposed to do it on the porch, under the watchful eye of a nearby lackey, in whose hands is a special bag for the disposal of cigarette butts.

Deputies in the general mass look at the crisis positively - when else will there be such an opportunity to profitably buy a business. Just the other day, a meeting of one of the Duma committees was reduced to a discussion of who and where is now selling companies in the regions, what is worth buying.

Olga Doronina

How salaries of officials and Russians grew

	officials	Russians

* (rubles)

P.S. Only the "bare" salaries of officials are given - without taking into account all the allowances, payments and benefits that are due to the servants of the people by the laws established by them. To understand the true picture, feel free to multiply these numbers by two. Least.

Compiled according to Rosstat

For this money still and work?

The more officials and the higher their salaries, the less they want to work.

24-year-old captain Dmitry Zhidkov was awarded the title of Hero of Russia in 2006 posthumously. The parents of the deceased Hero are entitled to an increased survivor's pension. Mom was the first in the Zhidkov family to reach retirement age and went to draw up documents at the military registration and enlistment office of the Nizhny Novgorod region. But she was denied an increased pension. Lawyer Maya Tagunova explained to the bewildered woman that she did not have any merit for the Motherland, and therefore did not deserve the right to increase her pension! For five months, lawyers from the Mother's Right NGO helped defend the rights of parents, but the military registration and enlistment office did not give up: they sued and sued. In the end, the mother's pension was recalculated. And a year later, when the Hero's father retired, history repeated itself. Tagunova met him with learned words: “It’s not allowed. You have no merit…” Again courts, nerves to prove what is already clear even to a non-lawyer. It seems that in the military registration and enlistment office, with the help of incompetence, rudeness, they are fighting for their money. And, by the way, the salary there consists of taxes paid by the mother and father of the deceased hero.

Why do they need cars?

Vladimir Ryzhkov, deputy of the State Duma of the 1st-4th convocations, participant in the Public Anti-Crisis Initiative:

The fleet of personal service vehicles in Russia is the largest in the world. The cost of its maintenance exceeds the cost of all the disabled in the country (10 million people)! The coolest have two shift drivers, the most expensive cars. At the entrance of any ministry, administration of the region, BMWs, Mercedes, Lexuses worth tens of thousands of dollars are crowded. Why should we, the taxpayers, have to spend a lot of money on the transportation of bureaucratic backsides, instead of supporting the unemployed, mothers of large families, repairing emergency housing?

Special opinion

Mikhail Veller, writer, publicist:

A little secret: an official is not a person. An official is a function, a position. A person turns into an official and changes. An official is the relation of a state person to a private person. And as soon as a normal person becomes a state figure, he automatically turns into an arrogant boor towards all private persons. The wormhole lies in the structure of our state. Illiterate officials breed in Russia from impunity. The last decade and a half have erased the line between the concepts of "work" and "fraud", between "earn" and "steal". Knocking out material wealth with the help of your position is legal with us. At one time, Putin called it "status rent."

This will continue until the pinnacle of power changes itself. The society is arranged in such a way that the norms of behavior are copied from top to bottom and never vice versa. This is the law of nature. The lower ones adopt the behavior of the higher ones. It's prestigious, that's the way to the top. As long as the city will be blocked, so that the fathers of the people rushed through the streets with a whistle; as long as the highest officials of the state will be protected as if they were in an occupied country, exactly as long as the bureaucracy will multiply, grow fat and be rude to us for our own money.

23/10/2012

What is a modern official? When should candidates be selected? Online812 talks about this with Vladimir SHAMAKHOV, director of the North-Western Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.

- WITH now an official mass consciousness- this is a person who uses an administrative resource for personal purposes ...
- There will be no efficient economy and a fair state without the population's trust in the authorities. Society should not only criticize officials, demand that they all be fired, and so on. But nominate those who meet his needs.

- How to put forward?
- We consider ourselves the successors of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum - the first educational institution in Europe that trained officials. Successors in content, forming a personality - comprehensively educated, moral, not striving to derive personal benefit. That is, people who intend to serve the state and society. We are waiting for them and are ready to work with them.

- Is your mission to make honest officials out of honest people?
- Our task is to train together managers in all three areas - economics, business, state service. Moreover, we train both bachelors, who begin with the basics of managerial activity, and improve their qualifications in master's, postgraduate, doctoral studies, etc. Education is a continuous process.
Emphasis is placed on management technologies, on civic education, on humanitarian approaches to the organization of socio-economic processes, on respect for people, with a focus not on command, but on service procedures in relations between the state and business, government and society.

- In other words, you train not only officials?
- Our new trend is going beyond the training of only officials. We teach management in a wide range of areas, including healthcare, education, social services, law enforcement, non-profit organizations. Officials and entrepreneurs study together at the advanced training courses. I am convinced that the days of team methods are over, now only partnership is in demand.

- Do you have a very serious competition for admission?
- This year, there were 48 applications for one budget place, we overtook theatrical universities, not to mention all the others. For non-budgetary training - more than 5 people per place, this is an even more revealing fact. Applicants vote in rubles. Those who come to us want to study here. Without getting points "for the budget", they become "extra-budgetary" students.

- Is the desire for officials so great?
- This is not an easy job, you need to have a set of qualities. Not least among them is love for people. It is not characteristic of everyone.

Do you warn applicants about this?
- We explain that without it you can study, but then it will be very difficult to work.

- Maybe not to take to the Academy immediately after school?
- I am absolutely convinced that the sooner you start training the profession of a state and municipal employee, the better. It is necessary as early as possible, even at school, to test people for suitability for management.
We have created a department of creative leadership, where we will prepare future presidents from the "stars". We select people who are ready to serve the people. They must be sought, in this we also see the continuation of the traditions of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

- Do you need much more officials than leaders?
- There are about 2 million state and municipal employees, not counting employees of budgetary institutions, in the country. They all need basic training and knowledge of modern management technologies. The official is the same citizen as everyone else, only performing a certain range of duties with the money of taxpayers.
Now in municipal governments people with higher education make up 10%. Many do not even have an average.

- But it's not in St. Petersburg?
- Yes, it is in the whole country. All officials must have a bachelor's degree.

- And who should go to the magistracy?
- Master's degree is not necessarily a continuation of the first education: I studied 4 years in the bachelor's program, went to study for another 2 years in the magistracy. It is intended for those who have worked, soberly assessed their capabilities, desires and abilities, and finally chose a profession.

- Does your Academy provide liberal education?
- No, socio-economic.

- What is the main subject for the applicant?
- Management is impossible without logic and common sense. All of this comes from mathematics. But literacy, as well as knowledge of history and at least one foreign language, are also required.

In Russia, there are approximately 102 officials per 10,000 people. Despite the decrease in the number of civil servants by almost 100,000 compared to 2009, the total cost of remuneration for their labor has increased significantly and continues to grow. The highest appetites are among senior civil servants, whose number is about 40 thousand people

“We have a more bloated budget network even compared to the Soviet period,” Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said at a State Council meeting in October last year. According to him, Russia is 1.4 times ahead of developed countries in terms of the number of people employed in the public sector, and 2.5 times ahead of countries with an average level of development. To figure out how many officials there are in Russia and how much they earn, it is necessary to separate different categories of people employed in the public sector: directly employees of the executive, legislative and judicial authorities (hereinafter referred to as civil servants or officials), employees of state institutions (state employees) and staff of state companies.

How many officials in Russia

The study of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Government at a Glance 2013 allows the most accurate estimate of the number of people employed in the public sector in Russia and developed Western countries. The share of people employed in state institutions (general government) in Russia in 2011 amounted to 17.7% of the workforce, having decreased by 2.5% compared to 2008, according to the OECD data. This category includes not only officials, but also all state employees - doctors, teachers, law enforcement agencies, the military, etc. However, the number of employees of state-owned companies is calculated separately - their number in Russia increased over the same period from 10.4% to 12.9%. As a result, the reduction in the number of employees in state institutions was offset by the growth of the staff of state corporations, and overall employment in the public sector remained at 30.6% in 2011.

The number of specifically civil servants or officials in Russia in 2013 amounted to 1 million 455 thousand people, or 1.9% of the workforce, follows from RBC estimates based on Rosstat data. Of these, 248 thousand people worked in federal authorities, 246 thousand in regional authorities, 498 thousand in local governments, 217 thousand in financial and tax authorities, 151 thousand in courts, and 95 thousand in other bodies. Thus, in Russia there are 102 officials per 10,000 people.

More than in the USSR, but less than in Canada

This is not the lowest. For comparison, according to the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR, the number of managers in the Soviet Union, excluding the party apparatus, reached the highest level in 1985, amounting to 2.03 million people. That is, in the USSR at the peak of the heyday of the bureaucracy there were only 73 civil servants per 10 thousand people. The apparatus of state managers of the RSFSR in 1988 consisted of 1.16 million people, or 81 officials per 10 thousand people of the population (20% less than now).

It is difficult to calculate the number of officials in different countries - such data were not available in the OECD and other major international organizations, and national statistics in different countries have their own characteristics. Nevertheless, even a conservative assessment carried out by RBC shows that Russia does not have the largest number of bureaucracy.

In the Scandinavian countries and Canada, there are about two to three times more civil servants per capita than in Russia. In Germany, the USA, Japan, Spain, Israel, the number of officials is approximately similar to the Russian level and amounts to 100-110 people per 10 thousand citizens, or about 2% of the entire workforce. Least of all officials among the considered countries are recorded in India (29 officials), Kazakhstan (51 officials) and China (72 officials). That is, the number of civil servants and employees of the public sector is not directly related to the well-being of the country: there are states with a high standard of living, both with a large and with a smaller number of employees of state structures.

Don't want to shrink

“You reduce, six months pass - look, again the same staffing. Even in this regard, periodic reductions are necessary so that the number simply does not grow beyond measure, ”the then President Dmitry Medvedev said in mid-2010, taking the initiative to reduce employees in the executive branch.

“The high percentage of expenses for the maintenance of state and municipal officials is explained not by the fact that the costs of maintenance and wages are high, but by the fact that own revenues [of the budget] make up only 16.3% of all revenues,” Ingush Finance Minister Ruslan told RBC Tsechoev. At the same time, work is underway in the republic to reduce the number and costs of maintaining civil servants by 10%, he added. The Ministry of Finance of the Chechen Republic could not be reached for comments.

The security forces are getting more expensive

Despite the decrease in the number of police and security officers in Russia by 161,000 people compared to 2009 (or 14%), Russia remains one of the world leaders in terms of the number of police officers per capita, and the total cost of law enforcement officers in recent years have increased significantly.

Officially, the promises to increase the salaries of the security forces were made at the height of the election period in December 2011 (as part of Vladimir Putin's direct line). “From January 2013, salaries will increase in all law enforcement agencies, as has already been done in the Ministry of Internal Affairs,” he said then, while still being prime minister. It was about employees of 12 departments: the Federal Penitentiary Service, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the FMS, the FSKN, the FSB, the Foreign Intelligence Service, the FSO, the State Courier Service, customs, the prosecutor's office, as well as the TFR and the Special Objects Service under the President.

The promise was kept: the total cost of paying law enforcement officers in Russia (excluding the prosecutor's office) has increased significantly in recent years. According to RBC calculations based on Rosstat data, if in 2011 the total costs amounted to 335 billion rubles, then in 2013 - 587 billion rubles. Excluding inflation, real cost growth in two years reached 54%.

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