Content

These invisible helpers play a significant role in the work of the human body. Peptides coordinate the action of all systems, help to solve important problems, streamline the processes occurring inside. Medicines with them activate the forces of the body, help to look younger. It's time to get to know these assistants better.

What are peptides

The human body constantly synthesizes substances that are actively involved in the regulation of all physiological processes - peptides and proteins. Without their activity, the existence of any of the organs is impossible. Peptides - what are they? These are substances whose molecules consist of a short chain of amino acid residues, they are connected by an amide bond. Another name for peptides is small proteins.

Medicine has more than one and a half thousand peptide compounds. The properties of each depend on the number of amino acids in the chain and their particular organized spatial arrangement. Peptides act separately on various body functions. They are marked by the number of amino acid residues:

• oligopeptides - have up to ten links;
• polypeptides - more than 10;
• tripeptides - contain 3 links.

Why are these compounds so important to humans? Because peptides are bioregulators of the following processes:

• digestion;
• anesthesia;
• hormonal activity;
• stabilization of blood pressure;
• detoxification;
• weight loss;
• immunological action;
• breakdown of fats;
• antitumor effect;
• cell renewal.

An important task of peptides is to strengthen the defenses of the human body. They are helping:

• normalize the work of the digestive tract;
• neuropeptides - correctly affect the nervous tissue;
• regulate the processes associated with memory;
• cleanse the body of toxins;
• withdraw processed products;
• debug metabolic processes;
• deal with inflammation
• fight infections.

What are peptides in cosmetology

Women who dream of having an impeccable appearance often resort to peptidotherapy in beauty salons. Special formulations with peptides in serums, creams, solutions are used for anti-aging treatments. These funds are needed:

• for the production of collagen proteins;
• slowing down the aging process;
• to moisturize the skin;
• increase muscle tone;
• for the production of hyaluronic acid;
• acceleration of metabolic processes;
• to block the activity of the sebaceous glands.

The use of peptides in cosmetology, due to the penetration of molecules into the deep layers, helps:

• change the structure of the skin;
• perform rejuvenation at the cellular level;
• reduce the withering of the layers of the epidermis;
• improve acne due to antibacterial action;
• cell regeneration;
• reduce the harmful effects environment;
• reduce recovery time after plastic surgery;
• avoid side effects, reduce the risk of negative consequences from cosmetic procedures.

Peptides in food - list

A person is able to help the body, reduce his biological age, if he starts consuming products containing peptides. Over the years, a supplement to the natural own production of protein compounds is required. Peptides are found in:

• greens;
• dark chocolate;
• bananas;
• walnuts;
• dairy products;
• vegetables - radishes, spinach;
• cereals - buckwheat, barley, wheat, corn;
• fish - tuna, sardines;
• legumes;
• chicken meat;
• sunflower seeds;
• royal jelly;
• seafood;

What is C-peptide in a blood test

This indicator is one of the most important in the biochemical analysis of blood, in the early stages it helps to diagnose diseases. Upon receipt of the result, they judge the level of their own insulin in the body. C-peptide in a blood test helps:

• diagnose the type of diabetes;
• predict the course of the disease;
• control the course of treatment;
• identify pancreatic tumors.

The norm of C-peptide in the blood

Normative indicators in modern medicine do not have international standards. In many ways, the values ​​of the peptide depend on the method of analysis, the corresponding reagents, equipment, and units of measurement. The standard and the actual value are recorded on the result sheets. It is considered to be the norm of C-peptide in the blood:

• 0.5-2.1 mg/l;
• 0.27-0.64 mmol/l;
• 0.79-1.9 ng/ml.

C-peptide - the norm in men

Representatives of the stronger sex are often prone to bad habits - smoking, alcohol abuse. They are more likely to suffer from cirrhosis of the liver, have physical overload at work and in sports. All this leads to a change in indicators during a biochemical blood test. The norm of C-peptide in men should correspond to the intake on an empty stomach according to the method of Knyazev Yu. - 0.54-2.89 ng / ml.

C-peptide - the norm in children

A child can develop diabetes suddenly. Parents should know the symptoms of the diagnosis in order to make an analysis in time and start treatment. Since children have high sensitivity to insulin, the peptide values ​​in the analysis are often below the normative or reference limits. Here consultation of the endocrinologist is required. The C-peptide norm in children does not differ from that in adults. According to the enzyme immunoassay method, it can be 0.41-0.79 ng / ml.

C-peptide - the norm in women in the blood

Carrying out this analysis has a very special meaning for women - according to the content of the peptide, it diagnoses one of the causes of infertility - polycystic ovary syndrome. This is often caused by excess insulin, which increases androgen production. Timely diagnosis helps to start treatment and avoid complications - diabetes. The norm of C-peptide in the blood in women according to the average method can be 0.31-0.38 ng / ml.

C-peptide elevated

What does the deviation of the indicator show in a large direction? C-peptide above the norm is observed if a person takes hormones or medicines containing sugar. If the analysis values ​​diverge upwards, the patient is diagnosed with:

• insulinoma - a neoplasm in the pancreas;
• type 2 diabetes;
• kidney failure;
• polycystic ovaries;
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease - a disease of the pituitary gland;
• insulin resistance.

C-peptide downgraded

Low levels of the peptide in relation to the norms give reason to think about improper preparation for the test. Stress, alcohol consumption, physical overload leads to this result. It happens that the C-peptide is lowered on occasion:

• type 1 diabetes, in which pancreatic tissue is destroyed;
• prolonged fasting;
• artificial reduction of sugar due to insulin intake;
• removal of part of the pancreas.

C-peptide in diabetes mellitus

The product is formed in the body as a result of the synthesis of the hormone insulin and is contained in the same amount as it. When analyzed, it shows the production of its own insulin by the pancreas. C-peptide in diabetes mellitus helps to correctly determine the type of disease, which is important for prescribing treatment. If patients receive the substance in parallel with insulin, complications such as lesions can be avoided:

• vessels - angiopathy;
• kidneys - nephropathy;
• nerves - neuropathy.

Peptide preparations

Pharmacological firms have developed drugs that are distinguished by their bioregulatory effect. Peptide-based drugs, getting through the gastrointestinal tract and blood into cells, affect DNA. Each of the remedies acts on a specific reason:

• Pinealon - improves brain function;
• Vezilut - affects the genitourinary system;
• Prolactin - responsible for the active production of breast milk;
• Somatotropin is a growth hormone that affects the hypothalamus.

Application of peptides

The long-standing dream of a person - to increase life expectancy - can be realized through the use of peptides in the form of medicines. Their use is aimed at improving the functioning of a particular organ, can significantly improve the quality of life and delay old age. The effect of drugs containing peptides is effective:

• Normoftal - improves the retina of the eye;
• Cardiogen - contributes to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases;
• Pankraten - activates the pancreas;
• Vesugen - normalizes the state of blood vessels.

Among those who use peptide beauty products are women. Special powders and solutions with peptides are used as additives to cosmetics - masks, creams, serums. They are actively used for injections during mesotherapy. Popular cosmetic products:

• Matrixyl - increases skin elasticity, rejuvenates it;
• Argireline - relaxes muscles, reducing mimic wrinkles.

Cosmetic preparation Leufasil - straightens the unevenness of the skin on the forehead, under the eyes by reducing the activity of the nerve impulse in the muscles. Their contraction decreases, as a result, mimic wrinkles are smoothed out. The agent with peptides is used in cosmetology alone or enhances the effect when used together with Snap-8, Sin-Eik preparations.

Athletes involved in bodybuilding are very popular with peptides. This is due to the ability of these funds:

• quickly restore strength after training;
• stimulate the growth of muscle tissue;
• quickly excreted from the body;
• treat inflammation of the joints after exercise;
• strengthen cartilage and bones;
• increase the tone of the body;
• strengthen immune forces.

Peptides, or short proteins, are found in many foods - meat, fish, and some plants. When we eat a piece of meat, the protein is broken down during digestion into short peptides; they are absorbed into the stomach, small intestine, enter the blood, cells, then into DNA and regulate the activity of genes.

It is advisable to periodically use the listed drugs for all people after 40 years for prevention 1-2 times a year, after 50 years - 2-3 times a year. Other drugs - as needed.

How to take peptides

Since the restoration of the functional ability of cells occurs gradually and depends on the level of their existing damage, the effect can occur both 1-2 weeks after the start of taking peptides, and 1-2 months later. It is recommended to conduct a course within 1-3 months. It is important to take into account that a three-month intake of natural peptide bioregulators has a prolonged effect, i.e. works in the body for another 2-3 months. The effect obtained lasts for six months, and each subsequent course of administration has a potentiating effect, i.e. amplification effect already obtained.

Since each peptide bioregulator has a focus on a specific organ and does not affect other organs and tissues in any way, the simultaneous administration of drugs with different effects is not only not contraindicated, but is often recommended (up to 6-7 drugs at the same time).
Peptides are compatible with any drugs and biological supplements. Against the background of taking peptides, the doses of concomitantly taken medicines it is advisable to gradually reduce, which will positively affect the patient's body.

Short regulatory peptides do not undergo transformation in the gastrointestinal tract, so they can be safely, easily and simply used in encapsulated form by almost everyone.

Peptides in the gastrointestinal tract decompose to di- and tri-peptides. Further breakdown to amino acids occurs in the intestine. This means that peptides can be taken even without a capsule. This is very important when a person for some reason cannot swallow capsules. The same applies to severely weakened people or children, when the dosage needs to be reduced.
Peptide bioregulators can be taken both prophylactically and therapeutically.

For prevention violations of the functions of various organs and systems are usually recommended 2 capsules 1 time per day in the morning on an empty stomach for 30 days, 2 times a year.

For medicinal purposes, for the correction of violations functions of various organs and systems in order to increase the effectiveness of complex treatment of diseases, it is recommended to take 2 capsules 2-3 times a day for 30 days.

Peptide bioregulators are presented in encapsulated form (natural Cytomax peptides and synthesized Cytogene peptides) and in liquid form.

Efficiency natural(PC) 2-2.5 times lower than encapsulated. Therefore, their intake for medicinal purposes should be longer (up to six months). Liquid peptide complexes are applied to the inner surface of the forearm in the projection of the course of the veins or on the wrist and rubbed until completely absorbed. After 7-15 minutes, the peptides bind to dendritic cells, which carry out their further transport to the lymph nodes, where the peptides make a “transplant” and are sent with the blood flow to the desired organs and tissues. Although peptides are protein substances, their molecular weight is much smaller than that of proteins, so they easily penetrate the skin. The penetration of peptide preparations is further improved by their lipophilization, that is, the connection with a fatty base, which is why almost all peptide complexes for external use contain fatty acids.

Not so long ago, the world's first series of peptide drugs appeared for sublingual use—

A fundamentally new method of application and the presence of a number of peptides in each of the preparations provide them with the fastest and most effective action. This drug, getting into the sublingual space with a dense network of capillaries, is able to penetrate directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption through the mucosa of the digestive tract and metabolic primary deactivation of the liver. Taking into account direct entry into the systemic circulation, the rate of onset of the effect is several times higher than the rate when the drug is taken orally.

Revilab SL Line- these are complex synthesized preparations containing 3-4 components of very short chains (2-3 amino acids each). In terms of peptide concentration, this is the average between encapsulated peptides and PC in solution. In terms of speed of action, it occupies a leading position, because. absorbed and hits the target very quickly.
It makes sense to introduce this line of peptides into the course at the initial stage, and then switch to natural peptides.

Another innovative series is a line of multicomponent peptide preparations. The line includes 9 preparations, each of which contains a range of short peptides, as well as antioxidants and building materials for cells. An ideal option for those who do not like to take many drugs, but prefer to get everything in one capsule.

The action of these new generation bioregulators is aimed at slowing down the aging process, maintaining a normal level of metabolic processes, preventing and correcting various conditions; rehabilitation after serious illnesses, injuries and operations.

Peptides in cosmetology

Peptides can be included not only in drugs, but also in other products. For example, Russian scientists have developed excellent cellular cosmetics with natural and synthesized peptides that affect the deep layers of the skin.

External aging of the skin depends on many factors: lifestyle, stress, sunlight, mechanical stimuli, climatic fluctuations, dieting hobbies, etc. With age, the skin becomes dehydrated, loses its elasticity, becomes rough, and a network of wrinkles and deep grooves appears on it. We all know that the process of natural aging is natural and irreversible. It is impossible to resist it, but it can be slowed down thanks to the revolutionary ingredients of cosmetology - low molecular weight peptides.

The uniqueness of peptides lies in the fact that they freely pass through the stratum corneum into the dermis to the level of living cells and capillaries. Restoration of the skin goes deep from the inside and, as a result, the skin retains its freshness for a long time. There is no addiction to peptide cosmetics - even if you stop using it, the skin will simply age physiologically.

Cosmetic giants create more and more "miraculous" means. We trustfully buy, use, but a miracle does not happen. We blindly believe the inscriptions on the banks, not suspecting that this is often just a marketing ploy.

For example, most cosmetic companies are in full production and advertising anti-wrinkle creams with collagen as the main ingredient. Meanwhile, scientists have come to the conclusion that collagen molecules are so large that they simply cannot penetrate the skin. They settle on the surface of the epidermis, and then washed off with water. That is, when buying creams with collagen, we are literally throwing money down the drain.

As another popular active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics, it is used resveratrol. It really is a powerful antioxidant and immunostimulant, but only in the form of microinjections. If you rub it into the skin, a miracle will not happen. It has been experimentally proven that creams with resveratrol practically do not affect the production of collagen.

NPCRIZ (now Peptides), in collaboration with scientists from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, has developed a unique peptide series of cellular cosmetics (based on natural peptides) and a series (based on synthesized peptides).

They are based on a group of peptide complexes with different application points that have a powerful and visible rejuvenating effect on the skin. As a result of application, skin cell regeneration, blood circulation and microcirculation are stimulated, as well as the synthesis of collagen-elastin skin skeleton. All this manifests itself in lifting, as well as improving the texture, color and moisture of the skin.

Currently, 16 types of creams have been developed, incl. rejuvenating and for problematic skin (with thymus peptides), for the face against wrinkles and for the body against stretch marks and scars (with bone and cartilage tissue peptides), against spider veins (with vascular peptides), anti-cellulite (with liver peptides), for eyelids from edema and dark circles (with peptides of the pancreas, blood vessels, bone and cartilage tissue and thymus), against varicose veins (with peptides of blood vessels and bone and cartilage tissue), etc. All creams, in addition to peptide complexes, contain other powerful active ingredients. It is important that the creams do not contain chemical components (preservatives, etc.).

The effectiveness of peptides has been proven in numerous experimental and clinical studies. Of course, to look beautiful, some creams are not enough. You need to rejuvenate your body from the inside, using from time to time various complexes of peptide bioregulators and micronutrients.

The line of cosmetic products with peptides, in addition to creams, also includes shampoo, mask and hair balm, decorative cosmetics, tonics, serums for the skin of the face, neck and décolleté, etc.

It should also be taken into account that appearance sugar intake is significant.
Through a process called glycation, sugar is destructive to the skin. Excess sugar increases the rate of collagen degradation, leading to wrinkles.

glycation belong to the main theories of aging, along with oxidative and photoaging.
Glycation - the interaction of sugars with proteins, primarily collagen, with the formation of cross-links - is a natural for our body, permanent irreversible process in our body and skin, leading to hardening of the connective tissue.
Glycation products - A.G.E particles. (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) - settle in cells, accumulate in our body and lead to many negative effects.
As a result of glycation, the skin loses its tone and becomes dull, it sags and looks old. This is directly related to lifestyle: reduce the consumption of sugar and starchy foods (which is also good for normal weight) and take care of your skin every day!

To counter glycation, inhibit protein degradation and age-related skin changes, the company has developed an anti-aging drug with a powerful deglycing and antioxidant effect. The action of this product is based on stimulating the deglycation process, which affects the deep processes of skin aging and helps to smooth out wrinkles and increase its elasticity. The drug includes a powerful complex to combat glycation - rosemary extract, carnosine, taurine, astaxanthin and alpha-lipoic acid.

Peptides - a panacea for old age?

According to the creator of peptide drugs V. Khavinson, aging largely depends on lifestyle: “No drugs will save if a person does not have a set of knowledge and the right behavior - this is the observance of biorhythms, proper nutrition, physical education and the intake of certain bioregulators. As for the genetic predisposition to aging, according to him, we depend on genes by only 25 percent.

The scientist claims that peptide complexes have a huge reduction potential. But to elevate them to the rank of panacea, to attribute non-existent properties to peptides (most likely for commercial reasons) is categorically wrong!

Taking care of your health today means giving yourself a chance to live tomorrow. We ourselves must improve our lifestyle - play sports, give up bad habits, eat better. And of course, to the extent possible, use peptide bioregulators that help maintain health and increase life expectancy.

Peptide bioregulators, developed by Russian scientists several decades ago, became available to the general public only in 2010. Gradually learn about them all more people worldwide. The secret to maintaining the health and youthfulness of many famous politicians, artists, scientists lies in the use of peptides. Here are just a few of them:
UAE Minister of Energy Sheikh Saeed,
President of Belarus Lukashenko,
Former President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev,
King of Thailand
pilot-cosmonaut G.M. Grechko and his wife L.K. Grechko,
artists: V. Leontiev, E. Stepanenko and E. Petrosyan, L. Izmailov, T. Povaliy, I. Kornelyuk, I. Viner (rhythmic gymnastics coach) and many, many others...
Peptide bioregulators are used by athletes of 2 Russian Olympic teams - in rhythmic gymnastics and rowing. The use of drugs allows us to increase the stress resistance of our gymnasts and contributes to the success of the national team at international championships.

If in youth we can afford to do health prevention periodically, when we want, then with age, unfortunately, we do not have such a luxury. And if you don’t want to be in such a state tomorrow that your loved ones will be exhausted with you and will wait impatiently for your death, if you don’t want to die among strangers, because you don’t remember anything and everything around you seems to be strangers in fact, you should take action from today and take care not so much about themselves as about their loved ones.

The Bible says, "Seek and you will find." Perhaps you have found your own way of healing and rejuvenation.

Everything is in our hands, and only we can take care of ourselves. No one will do this for us!

It is known that when working at a computer, the brain of a programmer expends more energy than the brain of other people. The programmer, as a knowledge worker, must watch his diet and health in order to keep his brain in a state of high performance. In addition, a programmer must be in excellent intellectual shape, develop high creative activity and think about preventing age-related memory impairment.

In this publication, we will look at how to eat right for the life support of the brain and how to disperse it with nootropics (in case of emergency).

So, 26% of basal metabolic energy is spent on maintaining muscle tone, 25% on liver function, and about 18% on brain activity.

There are several ways to improve brain activity:

• improving the conduction of nerve impulses (synaptic transmission) by providing a sufficient amount of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit impulses from a nerve cell);
• improvement of blood supply to the brain, normalization of blood pressure;
• support for brain nutrition (providing energy, especially glucose);
• control over the hormonal background (especially the hormones of "happiness").

Let's look at some of the ways to achieve all this.

Corrective nutrition

Scientists say that for the normal functioning of the brain, it is necessary to regularly eat foods high in antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids and B vitamins.

This table, in descending order of brain effects, lists the most significant foods.

Marine fish (especially salmon, tuna, herring)	Contains the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids. Phosphorus is also important for the brain.
Spinach, broccoli and beans	Sources of folic acid and beta-carotenes, which contribute to the improvement of cognitive abilities
Walnut	Omega-3 acids, vitamins B2, B12, E
Milk and dairy products	B vitamins, calcium, phosphorus
Chicken eggs	A valuable source of iron, iodine, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12. Also contains choline (a neurotransmitter that improves brain performance)
Cheese
Black chocolate	A set of antioxidant bioflavonoids, the hormone phenylethylamine, which uplifts mood and enhances mental clarity. Excellent stimulation of the brain and enhancing human cognitive abilities. Avoid over-sweetened dark chocolate! Chocolate norm 50 - 200 gr. during the day.
Carrot	Contains luteolin. Helps reduce age-related memory deficits and inflammation in the brain
Oatmeal	Zinc and vitamins E and group B
Blueberries and strawberries	Flavonoids - anthocyanidins and polyphenols protect brain cells from aging
Green tea	Maintains water-salt balance in the body, including in brain cells, increasing metabolism and improving memory.
Pumpkin seeds	Contains a lot of tryptophan (produces serotonin)
tomatoes	The source of lycopene is the protection of brain cells from destructive influences.
Beet	B vitamins
Apples	They contain catechins, substances that protect brain cells from harmful chemicals.

Multivitamins

For those who are not able to replenish the required set of microelements with a diet, there are combined multivitamin preparations, such as Balancesin, Gotu Kola, Doppelherz Active, Intelamine, Memory Rice, Memostrong, NeuroBright, Secretagogue. Let me remind you that all these drugs are not medicines and are registered as dietary supplements. Also, almost all of them are Western-made and have a high price.

Additives

DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol)

It stimulates brain function, enhances memory, concentration, creativity and improves mood. Significantly increases the energy status of the body, and therefore is widely used by athletes. Significantly improves the properties of blood. DMAE helps to remove cellular debris (lipofuscin). Of the minuses - the high price.

Creatine

This is an acid involved in the energy metabolism of nerve cells. Creatine is a very effective tool for improving memory and attention span. The norm is from 5000 mg per day.

Caffeine + L-Theanine

By itself, caffeine is not able to significantly improve mental performance. However, the combination of caffeine and L-Theanine, an amino acid found in green tea leaves, can indeed create long-term positive effects, including improved working memory, faster visual processing, and especially shifting attention. It is optimal to take 50 mg of caffeine (about a cup of coffee) and 100 mg of L-Theanine (a cup of green tea contains only about 5-8 mg of this substance.

Herbal preparations

Bacopa small-leaved

It has properties to improve memory and cognitive abilities. A daily intake of 150 mg of the supplement is considered optimal.

Ginkgo biloba

This supplement is obtained from the leaves of the rare Ginkgo biloba tree. It improves memory and concentration. Dosage is 240-360 mg per day.

Ginseng

Helps improve working memory, concentration, and has a beneficial effect on mood. Take 500 mg twice a day.

Rhodiola rosea

Promotes the production of dopamine and serotonin, which naturally affects mood. It is recommended to take 100-1000 mg, which should be divided into two equal parts.

Spanish sage

Contains acetylcholine, which is responsible for the speed of thought processes. Dosage - 300 mg per dry leaf once a day.

Let's go over the food again.

Every day we must eat:

• "Slow" carbohydrates, which are gradually absorbed without causing a sharp rise in blood glucose levels. They are best eaten for breakfast. Then for a long time a feeling of satiety, a good mood is created, the brain is supplied with glucose, which is used to generate energy;
• a sufficient amount of B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12);
• vitamin C (the main water-soluble antioxidant and catalyst for many processes);
• magnesium is the main anti-stress mineral that protects against insomnia, fatigue, nervousness, mood swings, necessary for active mental and physical activity;
• omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are included in the composition of neuronal membranes and improve the conduction of nerve impulses, as they stimulate the synthesis, secretion and activity of neurotransmitters;
• dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), which enhances the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and exhibits pronounced antioxidant properties;
• highly absorbable iron. It is precisely with the lack of iron that the loss of physical strength and endurance, the deterioration of the ability to learn, and increased fatigue are often associated;
• organic iodine. With its lack, the production of thyroid hormones is suppressed and the ability of the brain to produce energy decreases sharply;
• proteins rich in amino acids. So, the amino acid tyrosine is a precursor of norepinephrine, adrenaline and dopamine (responsible for energy production); tryptophan-serotonin (happiness hormone) and melatonin (sleep hormone).

Hormones are the main neurotransmitters

Serotonin- one of the most important neurotransmitters, which, as you know, influences mood so strongly that it is sometimes even called the “pleasure hormone”. Serotonin itself is produced by the body from the amino acid tryptophan. Thus, by consuming more products with tryptophan, we will add to ourselves the hormone of pleasure. Descending tryptophan, one should consume cheese, meat, fish and peas.

Oxytocin is a complex hormone associated with satisfaction and sex. It is released into the blood when a person enjoys communication. Oxytocin causes a feeling of satisfaction, reduced anxiety and a sense of calm. Intimacy, affection, pleasant communication - all this contributes to its development. Lack of oxytocin leads to sociopathy.

Dopamine (dopamine)- the hormone of joy. It gives confidence, purposefulness and goodwill, and also helps adaptation. Indecisiveness and shyness are usually a manifestation of a lack of dopamine. Dopamine causes a feeling of satisfaction, affects motivation and the learning process. It is produced during sex, eating delicious food, pleasant bodily sensations, memories of something pleasant. Dopamine production is affected by drugs, nicotine and alcohol.

Endorphin (hormone of joy). They are similar in chemical structure to opiates. They are produced by the body in the neurons of the brain and affect the emotional state. The safest and most effective way to release endorphins is through exercise.

Thyroxine ("hormone of energy")- Produced by the thyroid gland. Affects metabolism, harmony, appetite, energy, activity, efficiency, cheerfulness. For the health of the thyroid gland and the production of thyroxine, iodine-containing foods should be consumed: walnuts, algae, seaweed.

Medicinal methods of spinning the brain

Perhaps, here it is worth talking only about nootropics. Nootropics are used for disorders of cerebral circulation, sleep deprivation, fatigue, asthenic and depressive states after traumatic brain injuries and neuroinfections. Nootropics are also good because they are suitable for both treatment and prevention in order to improve mental performance. In general, nootropic drugs are characterized by relatively low toxicity and a minimum of side effects.

Nootropization is the most effective modern method of "building up" the brain and is recommended for use only during special periods - exams, deadlines, interviews.

Nootropics increase the supply of blood to the brain, and therefore glucose and oxygen, improve the "communication" between each other as individual brain cells, as well as its individual parts and hemispheres. As a result, memory, concentration of attention, intelligence, etc. improve.

An important feature of nootropics is their ability to improve the activity of the hypothalamus, which is called the conductor of the entire hormonal system.

Classification of drugs with nootropic action (Voronina and Seredenin)

Pyrrolidone derivatives (racetams)	Piracetam, Aniracetam, Pramiracetam, Oxiracetam, Etiracetam, Nefiracetam, Phenotropil.
Drugs that enhance cholinergic processes	Ipidacrine, Amiridin, Tacrine, Gliatilin
GABAergic drugs	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Pantogam, Picamilon, Phenibut, Sodium Hydroxybutyrate
Glutamatergic drugs	Glycine, memantine
Neuropeptides and their analogues	Semax, cerebrolysin
Antioxidants and membrane protectors	meclofenoxate, mexidol, pyritinol
ginkgo biloba preparations	Bilobil, tanakan, memoplant
Calcium channel blockers	Nimodipine, cinnarizine
Cerebral vasodilators	Vinpocetine, nicergoline, instenon

Racetams

Piracetam is one of the most famous drugs in this group of nootropics.
It is one of the earliest nootropics. It is indicated, first of all, for any disturbances in the functioning of the brain.
Piracetam preparations - nootropil, phenotropil, it is desirable to take in a course with cynarizine (improves blood supply to the brain, thereby enhancing the effect of nootropics).

Phenotropil

At the moment, it is considered the most powerful approved nootropic in Russia. Phenotropil is a powerful neurometabolic with psychostimulating activity. I personally use it on business trips when active conversations in English are required. I feel a big difference. In particular, there is an increase in mental and physical performance, as well as a noticeable decrease in fatigue and drowsiness. Naturally, for the best effect with Phenotropil, B vitamins and one of the vasodilators should be used together. Of the side effects may be an increase in the threshold of alcohol intoxication.

The most unpleasant factor in the use of Phenotropil is its high price of about 900 rubles for 30 tablets.

Amplifiers of cholinergic processes

The drugs of this group directly stimulate the conduction of excitation in the nerve fibers and synaptic transmission in the neuromuscular endings.

GABAergic drugs

All drugs are derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This acid is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the CNS. GABA drugs cause an increase in energy processes in the brain. They are also one of the most popular and cheapest of the nootropics. GABA is very well tolerated and has few side effects.
The most famous drugs based on GABA are aminalon, gammalon, picamilon, pantogam (hopantenic acid), pantocalcin.
Separately, it is worth mentioning a very effective drug - phenibut, developed in the USSR, which was even included in the astronaut's first aid kit.

Glutamatergic drugs

The glutamatergic system is the part of the brain that is responsible for learning and memory functions. In this group is the iconic glycine. It is well tolerated and virtually devoid of side effects.

Neuropeptides

Semax is popular in this group. This is a serious drug that has a multifactorial neuroprotective effect. Has no side effects.

Cerebrolysin is a complex of neuropeptides and trace elements derived from the brain of young pigs. It has been used as a neuroprotector and nootropic for over 20 years. The drug increases the intensity of energy metabolism, protein synthesis in the brain, improves cerebral blood flow. Causes a noticeable effect on the brain during the day. The performance improves dramatically. Injected courses for 10 days. Disadvantage - a very powerful tool, more than once every six months is impossible.

Antioxidants and membrane protectors

Mexidol has a pronounced nootropic and neuroprotective activity. Increases the intensity of cerebral blood flow.

Pyritinol (pyriditol, encephabol) exhibits pronounced nootropic properties in combination with antidepressant and sedative effects, being a low-toxic drug.

ginkgo biloba preparations

Standardized extracts of the relic plant ginkgo biloba (bilobil, memoplant, tanakan, etc.) contain a composition of flavonoids. These drugs have a complex of valuable pharmacological properties, providing an antioxidant effect, enhancing energy metabolism in the brain, improving the rheological properties of blood and microcirculation.

Calcium channel blockers

By influencing the intracellular calcium concentration, cerebral blood flow can be significantly improved. Some of the best are nimodipine and cinnarizine.
Cinnarizine (stugeron) is a popular drug that improves cerebral circulation and has nootropic properties.

Cerebral vasodilators

Drugs in this group expand the capillaries of the brain.
The most famous is Cavinton (Vinpocetine).
Cavinton and its analogues have shown themselves to be quite effective in the treatment of thought disorders associated with cerebral circulatory defects in the elderly, for example, due to atherosclerosis. It is recommended to take in combination with nootropics. Vinpocetine (Cavinton), obtained from the small periwinkle, has been used for about 30 years. It causes almost no side effects.
Instenon, which is a combination of three components - hexobendine, etamivan and etophylline, has recently attracted attention not only as a corrector of cerebral circulation, but also as a drug with proper nootropic properties.

Drugs banned in Russia

Modafinil is an analeptic. Banned in Russia. More used as a psychostimulant to suppress drowsiness. The action is based on a decrease in one of the dopamine reuptake mechanisms. It has no side effects and is not addictive. It is, along with Ritalin, one of the most powerful smart-drugs.

Ritalin is a psychostimulant, but has a powerful nootropic effect. In the US, children are fed with this drug from the age of 12. At the end of the action, like any psychostimulant, it causes severe fatigue, depression and irritation. Causes psychological dependence.

Energetics for neurons

Another useful addition to true nootropics are compounds that increase the “energy” of neurons.
The human brain is very picky about energy intake and absorbs up to 50% of all oxygen consumed by the body, using for its own needs about 20% of the total energy production of the body.
Under physiological conditions, without starvation, the brain uses one single type of "fuel" - glucose. Thus, sugar is not just a source of energy for the functioning of neurons, but also a kind of weak “semi-nootropic”.

Also increases the energy of neurons L-acetylcarnitine and nicotinamide (vitamin PP).

Some simple tips to improve brain function

1. Solve riddles and puzzles.
2. Pay attention to vagueness and ambiguity. Learn to love paradoxes and optical illusions.
3. Develop creative thinking.
4. Transpose reality. Always ask yourself: “What if…?”
5. Learn logic. Solve logical problems.
6. Go in for sports.
7. Keep your posture.
8. Listen to classical music.
9. Get rid of procrastination (eternal postponing things for later).
10. Play chess, checkers, backgammon...
11. Develop a sense of humor. Come up with your own jokes.
12. Develop observation.
13. Learn a foreign language.
14. Say long words backwards.
15. Learn to play a musical instrument.
16. Try to mentally evaluate the passage of time.
17. Do mental arithmetic.
18. Don't watch TV. It slows down the mind.
19. Put yourself in someone else's shoes. Imagine how other people would solve your problems.
20. Find time for solitude and relaxation.
21. Make a commitment to constantly learning new things.
22. Take a trip abroad. Learn about different lifestyles.
23. Communicate with those who are close to you in terms of interests.
24. Read the classics.
25. Develop self-awareness.
26. Engage in introspection (analysis of your actions and actions)
26. Don't be nervous

Finally, a little physiology

Dream. To fully restore brain function, it is enough to sleep for at least 7 hours. Don't think that chronic sleep deprivation can be compensated for with more weekend sleep. Human studies have shown that concentration and other cognitive functions cannot fully recover even after three days of a full night's sleep, which raises the question of the severity of brain damage.

Sport. At least 30 minutes every day or replace with a walk - from 1 hour or more. Sport promotes the production of endorphins. Endorphins are an essential component of happiness.

Alcohol. The outstanding Soviet theoretical physicist Lev Landau said this: "... a drunk New Year's glass of champagne deprives me of creative activity for a whole month." It has been proven that even slight alcohol consumption significantly reduces skills and brain activity. According to Spanish scientists, three beers a week can dull brain activity by 20%. Nevertheless, small doses of alcohol have been found to stimulate creative activity (but not mental!!!).

The human body is a complex system consisting of a huge number of cells. Each of these cells contains special proteins that perform an important function in the body and are its building material. These special kinds proteins are peptides.

- These are special compounds in the molecules of which there are amino acid residues. The number of monomeric units of amino acids in a molecule is different and can reach several tens. Amino acids are linked to each other by a special bond called "peptide (amide)". This is where the name peptides comes from.

Their properties and influence on a person directly depend on:

1. From quantity amino acid links.
2. connection order amino acid residues.
3. From their secondary structure.

Peptides are of natural origin and artificial. Today, more than 1500 of their species are known, their properties, methods of influencing them on the body are quite well studied.

Kinds

They are classified according to the type of work performed into the following types:

1. Hormonal(prolactin, somatotropin), produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, are involved in cell regeneration.
2. Neuropeptides- appear in the peripheral and central nervous systems, regulate human physiological processes.
3. Immunological- perform the function of protection, protect against the influence of toxins on a person.
4. Bioregulators- are responsible for physiological activity and control all biological processes. Bioregulators are divided into groups:
   
   • regulating hormonal activity;
   • regulating digestive activity;
   • regulating appetite;
   • having an analgesic effect;
   • regulating vascular tone and blood pressure;

There is a classification according to the size of the molecules:

1. Oligopeptides- in the molecule there are from 10 to 20 amino acid residues.
2. Polypeptides- consist of more than 20 amino acid residues. Such a large number of them turns peptides into complete proteins.

Impact on the body

The mechanism of influence of peptides has been studied quite well, and it has been proven that they regulate the vital activity of all its cells.

Numerous studies have confirmed the fact that many health problems of the human body and the rate of its aging directly depend on the synthesis of peptides in it.

The result of their work is:

1. Stimulation of hormone production, which enhance anabolic processes and are responsible for increasing muscle mass.
2. liquidation inflammatory reactions.
3. Increasing the speed of wound healing.
4. Appetite regulation.
5. Significant improvement in skin condition by stimulating the production of collagen and elastin.
6. Regulation cholesterol production.
7. Strengthening bones and ligaments of the skeleton.
8. Strengthening immunity.
9. Sleep normalization.
10. Process Recovery metabolism in the body.
11. Process maintenance regeneration.
12. Strengthening antioxidant protection organism.

Products containing peptides

Aging begins with a decrease in the rate of all biological reactions that occur, and the work of organs slows down. Knowing the effect of peptides on the functioning of the whole organism, it is possible for a person to avoid certain diseases.

When the cells do their job correctly, then the person remains healthy for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain their constant reserve.

With insufficient synthesis by the body itself, replenishment is possible due to their intake from outside in medicines, as well as the use of food products, where their content is high.

They will help bring the body to a normal healthy state and restore the functionality of all its cells.

It has been proven that the competent use of products with a high content of peptides increases a person's life by 30%, with the rejection of bad habits, a full meal and the correct daily routine.

Products containing the right amount of peptides for a person:

• all dairy products;
• legumes and cereals;
• fish, and especially tuna, sardine;
• soy and sunflower;
• chicken meat and eggs;
• various seafood;
• greenery;
• radish;

There are no contraindications to eating foods containing these substances. Peptide therapy will also give positive results in the elderly. Including them in the diet, you need to pay attention to the individual tolerance of each type of product.

Application in cosmetology

To achieve the result of healing and skin rejuvenation, proteins have long been introduced into the formulation of creams and serums: collagen, elastin and keratin. The use of the peptide as a component in the composition of anti-aging creams for cosmetology began quite recently.

The main purpose of their use is to increase the rate of cell renewal, which directly leads to skin rejuvenation.

Peptides, when used in cosmetic creams and serums, play an important role:

1. Support the activity of the cellular system, which means that the protection of the skin from the influence of various reagents will improve and it will be more resistant to oxygen deficiency.
2. Reduces the visibility of existing fine lines, skin color will improve, it will be sufficiently moisturized and tightened.
3. Helps improve tone, strengthen facial contours by strengthening collagen fibers.
4. Use of cosmetics containing them contributes to the stabilization of recovery processes in all tissues.
5. Support the number of mature and active cells at the required level, normalizes the course of metabolism in them.
6. They have a high level of antioxidant activity.
7. Influence how genes work responsible for cell reproduction and their self-healing.
8. Having a small size, they are carriers of active substances from the composition of creams directly into the cells themselves.
9. Participate in the restoration of disturbed microcirculation in the skin, lead to a normal state of the walls of its vessels, which entails an improvement in their blood supply.
10. Positive effect on the condition of the hair: contribute to the strengthening of their roots and accelerate growth.
11. Does not stimulate the production of antibodies, which means that the possibility of an allergy to peptide preparations is sharply reduced.

After plastic surgery and a number of aggressive cosmetic procedures, it is recommended to use peptide bioregulation, due to the fact that it:

1. Speeds up regeneration cells.
2. Reduces recovery time.
3. Reduces the risk of side effects after such procedures.
4. Has a positive effect on adaptability organism.

Cosmetics with peptides

With age, in any person in the body there is a sharp decrease in the production of peptides.

When such a failure occurs, the body begins to wear out quickly, age, its ability to withstand the negative influence of external factors decreases.

One way out in this situation is the use of peptide cosmetics.

Cosmetic preparations containing peptide compounds of different types are produced with different specifications:

1. For anti-aging treatments and maximum skin hydration.
2. Stopping the work of the sebaceous glands and used for acne.
3. Supports the production of collagen proteins and hyaluronic acid.

Peptide cosmetics help to solve most aesthetic problems and fix the effect of injection procedures.

For the production of cosmetics with a rejuvenating effect, a number of peptides are used:

1. Obtained synthetically, does not apply to toxins. Action: prevents the passage of a nerve impulse and does not allow muscles to contract. The expected effect is similar to the action of group A botulinum toxin, but without paralysis of the mimic muscles.
2. Laufasil. Complements the action of argireline. Shows a good result when used in the upper part of the face.
3. Sin-Eik- synthetic, blocks the work of muscles and effectively helps to reduce deep mimic wrinkles, crow's feet, eyebrow and frontal wrinkles.
4. Snap-8. It reduces pronounced wrinkles and is similar in principle to argireline, but has a longer lasting effect.
5. Matrixyl- starts the restoration of the own elements of the skin dermis. With course use, the appearance and tone of the skin are significantly improved, it is able to delay its photoaging.
6. Sin kull. The result of its use is visually visible after 2-3 months. Having a high rate of penetration into the deep layers of the skin, it synthesizes the production of collagen, increases its elasticity, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, and reduces the size of deep wrinkles.

The percentage of these substances in cosmetics affects the expected effect. The action of such funds will be more effective in the case of their high content.

As you know, all metabolic processes in the skin slow down with age. The manifestation of the result from the use of peptide cosmetics also depends on age. How older age, the slower the visible process of improving the condition of the skin.

Peptide substances have an accumulation effect, which means that after stopping their use, the peptides will continue to work for some time.

Side effects

When using peptide cosmetics, minor side effects associated with pleiotropy are likely to occur. This means that peptides have unintended effects on body cells in various pathological situations.

There are cases when a cytokine showed a toxic effect on the entire body and provoked an allergy in it.

If used incorrectly or excessively, a person may experience:

1. Autoimmune diseases.
2. Slight fluid retention in organism.
3. small stature blood pressure.
4. General weakness organism.
5. Decreased or complete loss of sensation somatic cells.
6. tunnel syndrome.

In practical cosmetology, the occurrence of side effects from the use of peptide drugs is very rare and always has a reversible process. Their manifestation mainly depends on the individuality of the organism itself. The recovery process after the onset of side effects lasts from several days to a week.

human nervous system- an integral morphological and functional set of various interconnected nervous structures, which, together with the endocrine system, provides an interconnected regulation of the activity of all systems of the human body and a response to changes in the conditions of the internal and external environment. The nervous system acts as an integrative system, linking sensitivity, motor activity and the work of other regulatory systems (endocrine and immune) into one whole.

The human nervous system is often divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is made up of all other nerves and neurons that do not lie within the CNS. The vast majority of nerves (which are actually axons of neurons) belong to the PNS. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for coordinating body movement and for receiving and transmitting external stimuli. This system regulates actions that are under conscious control.

The autonomic nervous system is divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic. The sympathetic nervous system responds to danger or stress and, among many physiological changes, can cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure and excitation of the senses due to an increase in adrenaline in the blood. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for the state of rest, and provides for pupil contraction, slowing of the heart, dilation of blood vessels, and stimulation of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

The most common diseases of the nervous system and brain- depression, migraine, memory impairment (senile sclerosis), stress and chronic fatigue syndrome, neuritis, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease.

Depression- a mental disorder characterized by a decrease in mood and the loss of the ability to experience joy, impaired thinking (negative judgments, a pessimistic view of what is happening), motor inhibition.

Migraine- a neurological disease, the most frequent and characteristic symptom of which is episodic or regular severe and painful attacks of headache in one (rarely in both) half of the head.

Stress and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome- a set of non-specific adaptive (normal) reactions of the body to the impact of various adverse factors-stressors (physical or psychological).

Neuritis- an inflammatory disease of the peripheral nerves, in which, along with pain, so-called prolapses are detected, that is, loss or decrease in sensitivity, as well as paralysis and paresis.

Meningitis- inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. There are leptomeningitis - inflammation of the pia and arachnoid meninges, and pachymeningitis - inflammation of the dura mater.

Multiple sclerosis- a chronic autoimmune disease in which the myelin sheath of the nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord is affected.

Epilepsy- one of the most common chronic neurological diseases of a person, manifested in the predisposition of the body to the sudden onset of convulsive seizures.

Alzheimer's disease- the most common form of dementia, a neurodegenerative disease. Most often, short-term memory disorders are recognized in the early stages, for example, the inability to recall recently learned information.