The growth of wheat directly depends on the amount of nutrients and micronutrients. With their deficiency, the plant lags behind in growth, the leaf mass and the number of grains are sharply reduced. The following are detailed instructions and tips for proper fertilizing for winter wheat.

Necessary tools and materials

Liquid mineral nutrition is applied using PZhU, OP-2000; for powder and granular mixtures, a fertilizer seeder RTT-4.2A, NRU-0.5, 1-RMG-4 is used; for transportation and application of mineral dressings, a RUM-8 semi-trailer is used.

Scattering of solid organics is carried out by ROU-5, PRT-10, RUN-15B. When making organic dressings in the furrows, MLG-1 is used. Liquid organic matter is introduced using RZhT-8, RZhU-3.6.

Trailers are mounted on tractors, and tanks on GAZ-53. Sometimes fertilizers liquid form sprayed by light aircraft.

Optimal timing of feeding winter wheat

During the autumn preparation of areas for sowing wheat, it is important not only to carry out the correct agrotechnical measures, but also to apply the pre-sowing rate of potash and phosphorus fertilizers. This will increase the immunity of the plant, and will make it possible to safely endure the frosty winter. Subject to this condition, in the spring there are 3 more activities to feed the culture:

• Early spring to support young seedlings and boost growth.
• During the flowering period.
• During the period of piping and laying the yield.

Application dates must necessarily be adjusted taking into account soil conditions, crop development and weather conditions.

What substances are needed for winter wheat?

Winter wheat needs a whole range of nutrients and microelements, each of which performs its own functions. Their replenishment is especially important when the same areas are sown annually, without using the crop rotation rule. After harvesting, the soil is so depleted that without fertilizer, sowing new seeds is simply impossible.

Both mineral fertilizers and organic fertilizers can replenish the nutritional balance.

It is important to consider that organic matter and mineral supplements can be combined, taking into account the total rate of incoming elements. As with other crops, the agronomist's golden rule applies to winter wheat: "It's better to have a little fertilizer deficiency than a nutrient surplus."

What fertilizer to choose for wheat?

For the effect of dressings for winter wheat, it is important to maintain a balance. Otherwise, the predominant elements will interfere, and the plant will not be able to receive and absorb the remaining substances.

Nitrogen supplements

Nitrogen-based fertilizers are applied in several stages:

1. During cultivation work, before sowing, the soil is fertilized with ammonium nitrate at the rate of 30 kg per 1 ha.
2. In the tillering phase, nitrogen is especially needed. The height and density of wheat bushes, as well as their fertility, depend on it. This top dressing has no effect on grain quality. Nitrogen fertilizers are distributed at a rate of 35-40 kg/ha. This is approximately 30% of the amount of nitrogen applied per season.
3. During the piping period, nitrogen has a positive effect on the quality and quantity of grain in the ear, i.e., it increases the crop yield. The need for wheat in nitrogen fertilizers is now increased, so they contribute up to 50% of the estimated seasonal rate. This is 65-75 kg of top dressing per 1 ha.
4. The remainder of the full calculated norm is distributed over the area of ​​crops during the period of flowering and earing of the crop. Top dressing will bring the greatest effect, provided there is a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil.

Be careful when working with ammonium nitrate - it is explosive!

Nitrogen fertilizers in the soil break down into carbon dioxide and ammonia. Therefore, they should be applied only by the root method, providing additional soil moisture. Keep in mind that nitrogen is washed out with an excess of moisture. When sprayed, top dressing will not only not bring benefits, but can also harm.

Getting on the green parts of the plant, when moisture evaporates, nitrogen crystals cause a burn.

The most optimal for winter wheat is urea-urea nitrogen fertilization. It is a good alternative to ammonium nitrate. It contains 46% nitrogen. Top dressing is recommended 5-7 days before sowing. This is due to the fact that after entering the soil, it is converted into a form accessible to the plant for 2-3 days.

In the presented video, the technologist talks about his experience with the use of nitrogen fertilizers on winter wheat:

30-60 kg/ha of carbamide contribute to an increase in the density of the wheat bush and enhanced growth, and with an increase in the dose to 100 kg/ha, the amount of protein in the grain increases.

Phosphorus nutrition

Phosphorus plays an important role in the growing season of wheat. It is essential at all stages of growth. The synthesis of nucleic acids and the ability of the culture to absorb nitrogen depend on this element. Phosphorus has a beneficial effect on the development of microflora in the soil.

From the beginning of the trumpeting phase to flowering, the plant experiences special need in phosphorus. The quality of assimilation of the element by wheat is affected by soil temperature and its moisture content.

Superphosphates are used for top dressing. Due to the presence of phosphorus oxide, this dressing has several positive effects:

• the fruiting period comes earlier;
• protects the culture from early aging;
• improves grain quality;
• facilitates the process of assimilation of other elements.

Ammophos is used to increase the yield of wheat, strengthen immunity against diseases and pests, and increase the shelf life of the crop.

potassium nutrition

Potassium affects the quantitative composition of sugar and protein in wheat grain, increasing the nutritional value of the cereal. Its deficiency provokes lodging of wheat, reduces the ability to endure the winter period. The plant especially needs potassium from the moment of germination to flowering and in the tubing phase to the beginning of heading.

Potash fertilizers are distributed over the soil surface during cultivation work to prepare the area for sowing. This is because the element needs time to absorb. Potassium chloride and potassium salt are used as a source of potassium. Feeding rate - 50-60 kg/ha.

It has great importance on acidic soils. Calcium reduces their level of acidity, which has a beneficial effect on wheat. Lime fertilizers help the culture to accumulate carbohydrates, increase the quality of photosynthesis, favor immunity to diseases and adverse conditions.

Calcium carbonate, chalk, limestone, calcium nitrate (22%) are used. The application rate is 3-5 q/ha during autumn soil preparation.

Magnesium normalizes protein-carbohydrate metabolism, helps to saturate plant cells with oxygen, which affects the general condition of winter wheat. The assimilation of magnesium supplements is especially effective when applied foliarly. The element is easier to digest than potassium and phosphorus, while helping to move the latter.

Magnesium sulfate (Mg - 16%) is used for top dressing at an application rate of 15 kg / ha.

Sulfur optimizes protein metabolism. With a lack of this component in the soil, the culture lags behind in development, its growth slows down, the plant gets sick and falls down. Efficient assimilation of nitrogen without the presence of sulfur is almost impossible. In terms of importance for wheat, it ranks first after the main components.

The introduction of sulfur is used simultaneously with nitrogen nutrition in the preparation of areas for sowing. For example, magnesium sulfate (S - 13%), superphosphate (S - 24%), etc. are used. The application rate depends on the type of soil.

Almost all types of organics require time to break down and release components. When growing winter wheat in the same place, there is no such valuable time in the location. This is explained by the fact that for the optimal effect, organic matter is distributed into the soil in the fall, in order to actively replenish it with valuable microelements in the spring.

Such food is brought to the lands of future crops in advance when planning the development of new fields. When plowing new territories for wheat, the introduction of organic matter will be the best condition for improving the quality of the soil. In this case, chicken manure, humus, manure is used.

Distribute food at the rate of 25-30 t/ha. To reduce soil acidification and prevent pest attacks during plowing, wood ash is applied at the rate of 3-5 centners per 1 ha. The effect of ash on the soil lasts up to 2 years.

Working with organic matter requires additional effort and time, so it is rarely used on an industrial scale. On small plantations and garden plots used for growing winter wheat, methods of using organic matter as top dressing take place.

Trace elements for winter wheat

For winter wheat, in addition to nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, the presence of the following elements is important:

• Sulfur- pays attention to the quantitative composition of gluten.
• Manganese- participates in metabolism, helps to absorb water, reduces the level of soil acidity.
• Iron- with a lack of this element, wheat leaves turn yellow. This is due to the poor-quality process of photosynthesis, which requires iron.
• Copper- takes part in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates.
• Zinc- the quality and quantity of grain in the ear depends on the presence of a sufficient amount of this metal in the soil.
• Calcium- reduces the level of soil acidity, promotes the development of strong roots, increases resistance to diseases.
• Magnesium- affects the metabolic processes and respiration of plants.

The necessary trace elements can be applied by foliar top dressing, or by soaking the seeds before sowing in solutions with the addition of specific components.

The optimal solution is to purchase microelements not separately, but in combination, for example, the drug "Agromax". It can be added to the main dressings, or combined with fungicidal treatments. They are not inferior in characteristics to "NIKFAN-Wheat", fertilizers TM ORMISS, etc.

The ratio of batteries

The soil does not contain the full range of nutrients available for assimilation by winter wheat. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the replenishment of components by introducing mineral and organic complexes. At the same time, it is important to monitor the condition of plants and the qualitative composition of fertile land so as not to get an overabundance of substances and trace elements.

The optimal balance between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is a ratio of 1.5:1:1 per 1 ha of land.

The incorporation of the autumn nutritional complex of fertilizers takes place along with plowing and cultivating the land. Thus, top dressing is at a depth of 15 to 25 cm. Gradually splitting with moisture, the elements spread over the top layer of soil.

By spring, when wheat grains begin to hatch, fertilizers will already take a form that is easily accessible to sprouts and activate their growth. Therefore, the autumn work on fertilizing is called the main one.

Fertilizer technology

Fertilizer application technology is subject to certain rules, the observance of which is necessary when carrying out these types of work:

• granules should have a diameter of up to 5 mm;
• the moisture content of top dressing before application should be in the range from 1.5 to 15%;
• the technique should ensure the uniform distribution of mixtures, avoiding untreated areas.

Top dressings can be applied dry, providing abundant watering after their distribution, or diluted. Since the main part of the fertilizer is applied in the fall, before or during the plowing of the soil, the nutrition is distributed in a dry form. Foliar application involves diluting the components with water and spraying them over the greenery by spraying.

City: Maykop

With timely sowing, a sufficient amount of moisture and mobile connecting nutrients in the soil, the tillering phase of winter wheat begins 15 days after germination. Under favorable conditions, the tillering process usually occurs in autumn. Favorable water and nutrient regimes of the soil determine the appearance of friendly and normal seedlings and the formation of a developed root system.

• germination and shoots - 8%;
• tillering-28%;
• access to the phone - 36%;
• heading and flowering - 2%;
• grain filling -16%.

Phosphorus

The nutrition of plants with phosphorus at the beginning of their growth occurs mainly due to the nutrients of the seeds. The root system of young plants poorly absorbs sparingly soluble phosphorus compounds from the soil, therefore, at the beginning of the growing season, it is necessary to have a reserve of highly soluble compounds of this element. If we take into account the mass of the arable layer of soil (C thousand tons / ha) and assume that its moisture content is 25% (although these reserves are not all accessible to plants), then in terms of concentration G.0 - 0.05 mg / l of soil solution, the total the amount of the element will be only 0.4 kg/ha.

Under statistical conditions, the transition of H2PO4 ions almost does not occur. Therefore, due to the low solubility of fertilizers and significant distances between their granules in the soil, there is a possibility of positional inaccessibility of phosphorus uptake by plants, since this process occurs only due to diffusion in a small area around the root. Therefore, the line application of phosphorus fertilizers is 4-5 times more effective than spreading, since the utilization rate of phosphorus from them reaches 40-60%.

Potassium

Ratio and interaction

trace elements

Boron promotes the synthesis of chlorophyll, affects the formation of generative organs, the development of the root system, especially young roots. It almost does not move from the bottom of the plants to the point of growth, that is, it is not reused. The lack of boron in plant nutrition appears on calcareous soils and after the introduction of high rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers.

Among cereal crops, winter wheat is the most demanding in terms of nutrition. In the development of winter wheat, there are two critical periods for the provision of plants with nutrients:

• the first - from the emergence of seedlings to the cessation of the autumn vegetation, when plants are very sensitive to a lack of nitrogen and phosphorus;
• the second - from the beginning of the resumption of spring vegetation and until the release of the tube, when the plants are very sensitive to a lack of nitrogen.

With timely sowing, a sufficient amount of moisture and mobile connecting nutrients in the soil, the tillering phase of winter wheat begins 15 days after germination. Under favorable conditions, the tillering process usually occurs in autumn.

Favorable water and nutrient regimes of the soil determine the appearance of friendly and normal seedlings and the formation of a developed root system.

In autumn, the bulk of the roots are concentrated in a 0–30 cm soil layer, and by winter, especially on chernozems, some primary roots penetrate to a depth of up to 1 m, and secondary roots to a depth of 0.6 m, and sometimes deeper than 1 m.

Despite the small mass of winter wheat plants in the autumn period, an important role in creating optimal conditions for their development currently belongs to the presence and correct ratio between the mobile compounds of nutrients in the soil. In the early stages of growth and development (when the ear is laid, differentiated and spikelets are formed), the ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus should be optimal.

Nitrogen

The size of the grain yield and its quality primarily depend on the supply of plants with nitrogen. Typically, crops absorb nitrogen in the following dynamics:

• germination and shoots - 8%;
• tillering-28%;
• access to the phone - 36%;
• heading and flowering - 2%;
• grain filling -16%.

During the sowing of wheat after pure fallow, a significant amount of nitrogen of mineral compounds accumulates in the soil due to microbiological processes. In this case, the fertilizer system should be aimed at neutralizing the excess nitrogen supply of plants, that is, at enhancing phosphorus and potassium nutrition. Therefore, when compiling a winter wheat fertilization system, it is important to take into account the content of mobile nutrients in the soil and the characteristics of predecessors.

Enhanced nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat in the early stages of growth and development reduces the yield, since during germination nitrogen retards root growth and predetermines some depression in the initial growth of plants. Increased doses of nitrogen fertilizers during this period contribute to the formation of a loose tissue structure, which accumulates a lot of water in the pre-winter period.

And since the root system develops mainly in the upper soil layer, this reduces the resistance of plants to adverse winter conditions. In addition, plants can be damaged in autumn by powdery mildew, root rot, and in warm autumn conditions also by brown leaf rust. Such plants are unstable against lodging. Therefore, in the autumn period, winter wheat needs a small but sufficient amount of nitrogen.

On the other hand, in the case of wheat sowing without application of nitrogen fertilizers after occupied fallows and non-fallow predecessors, seedlings have a pale green color, which indicates a low content of chlorophyll in plants. The tillering process is reduced or completely stopped with a strong nutritional deficiency of wheat.

All vital processes of plants are weakened, they overwinter poorly and often die. Therefore, on poor soils or after non-steam predecessors, special attention should be paid to plant nutrition with nitrogen in autumn. The lack of nitrogen in other periods of the growing season has less effect on the yield.

Nitrogen significantly affects the formation of elements of plant productivity. So, in the tillering phase, a lack or excess of nitrogen, the timing of its introduction and meteorological conditions can significantly affect the laying and formation of tillering shoots.

One of the essential features of winter wheat, like other plants, is the continuity of nitrogen and sulfur nutrition. Sulfur, like nitrogen, is a component of protein in plants. In case of its deficiency in the nutrient medium, the restoration and assimilation of nitrogen by plants stops. For diagnostics, sulfur deficiency is considered critical when the content of its mobile compounds in the soil is less than 12 mg/kg. Symptoms of sulfur deficiency are almost the same as nitrogen deficiency, but more pronounced. Plants are weakly bushy, stunted, from light green to completely yellow.

Phosphorus

To determine the norm and composition of the main fertilizer, it is important to take into account the effect of nutrients on the winter hardiness of plants. It depends on the accumulation since autumn of protective substances, primarily sugars, biochemical and physiological factors of metabolism (the state of protoplasm, the content of free amino acids, protein hydrolysis, etc.).

Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers contribute to a greater accumulation of these substances and significantly improve other physiological and biochemical indicators of plant winter hardiness. This explains their high role in the main fertilizer, phosphate fertilizers work very well on soddy-podzolic soils with their optimal combination of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. Their effectiveness is reduced on gray and dark gray forest soils due to the sufficient content of mobile phosphates in them and the deficiency of mineral nitrogen.

In the Forest-Steppe and especially in the Steppe, the high efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers is considered a condition for insufficient moisture. This is due to the fact that the southern ordinary and especially carbonate chernozems have a low content of mobile phosphorus compounds.

Under these conditions, phosphorus nutrition of plants improves, which contributes to the intensive development of the root system and generative organs of plants and improves the graininess of the ear, while a lack of phosphorus leads to a delay in the development and formation of spikelets, the stem is formed thin, the root system is weak, the leaves are smaller and darker than ordinary. Reddish or purple leaves are one of the symptoms of plant phosphorus deficiency. A good supply of phosphorus stimulates the formation of the root system.

Under conditions of unstable and insufficient moisture, the effectiveness of fertilizers depends significantly on the depth of their incorporation into moist soil. Phosphorus from fertilizers is best absorbed when they are wrapped in a 10-20 cm layer of soil. Due to the low mobility of phosphates in the soil, the transfer of part of the phosphorus from the main fertilizer to top dressing or the replacement of the main fertilizer with it is impractical even when readily available forms of phosphorus are used.

However, even with sufficiently high reserves of mobile phosphorus compounds in the soil, the concentration of phosphate ions in the soil solution may be insufficient to fully provide young plants at the first stages of growth and development. Therefore, an obligatory agrotechnological measure on all types of soils is the starting (row) application of phosphorus fertilizers at a dose of 7-20 kg / ha P20.

The use of other forms of mineral fertilizers - ammophos, nitrophoska, nitroammophoska, fertilizer mixtures - is also effective, especially when fertilizers were not applied or applied to the main fertilizer in insufficient quantities, during wheat sowing after stubble predecessors and crops that are harvested late when in the soil contains few mineral nitrogen compounds. It should be noted that the introduction of more than 300 kg/ha of physical mass of mineral fertilizers into rows reduces the germination of winter wheat seeds. This is due to an increase in the concentration of the soil solution.

The nutrition of plants with phosphorus at the beginning of their growth occurs mainly due to the nutrients of the seeds. The root system of young plants poorly absorbs sparingly soluble phosphorus compounds from the soil, therefore, at the beginning of the growing season, it is necessary to have a reserve of highly soluble compounds of this element.

If we take into account the mass of the arable layer of soil (C thousand tons / ha) and assume that its moisture content is 25% (although these reserves are not all accessible to plants), then in terms of concentration G.0 - 0.05 mg / l of soil solution, the total the amount of the element will be only 0.4 kg/ha. Under statistical conditions, the transition of H2PO4 ions almost does not occur.

Therefore, due to the low solubility of fertilizers and significant distances between their granules in the soil, there is a possibility of positional inaccessibility of phosphorus uptake by plants, since this process occurs only due to diffusion in a small area around the root. Therefore, the line application of phosphorus fertilizers is 4-5 times more effective than spreading, since the utilization rate of phosphorus from them reaches 40-60%.

So, line fertilizers are used to improve the nutritional conditions of plants with phosphorus at the beginning of the growing season, and most importantly, to provide them with this element throughout the growing season.

Potassium

Potassium increases the cold resistance of plants, enhances tillering, and optimal nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium nutrition at the initial stages of wheat development stimulates the growth and deepening of its roots, contributes to the accumulation of a significant amount of sugars, which increases plant resistance to low temperatures and spring drought, and reduces the risk of lodging.

The role of potash fertilizers is best manifested on light soils. In general, the areas of effectiveness of potash fertilizers coincide with the areas of action of nitrogen fertilizers. Winter wheat reacts least of all to them on ordinary and southern chernozems. However, potash fertilizers, albeit in small amounts, must be applied on all types of soils, since potassium helps to increase the winter hardiness of plants, the strength of the stems, which is especially important for varieties prone to lodging.

Ratio and interaction

Nitrogen fertilizers work best on soils with low potential fertility and sufficient moisture, where precipitation does not limit the yield level (soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils), and the period between the collection of the predecessor and sowing is insufficient for the accumulation of mineral nitrogen compounds in the soil due to microbiological processes .

In the southern regions, where the period between the collection of the predecessor and the sowing of winter wheat lasts 2-3 months, the semi-fallow content of the soil contributes to the accumulation of mobile forms of nutrients in it, including nitrogen. In addition, mineral nitrogen can accumulate an excess amount. This can lead to unfavorable conditions for the overwintering of the plant, and further vegetation. To mitigate the negative impact of excessive one-sided nutrition of wheat with nitrogen, which is especially observed after bare fallow, only phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied before sowing.

When sowing winter wheat after corn for silage, stubble and other non-fallow predecessors, nitrogen fertilizers should also be applied next to phosphorus and potash. This is due to the fact that the soil contains a small amount of mineral nitrogen compounds for the initial growth of plants. In autumn, low doses of nitrogen should also be applied in case of late sowing dates and on poor soils after worse predecessors.

Nitrogen has a positive effect on the winter hardiness of winter wheat only for the optimal ratio with other nutrients, primarily phosphorus and potassium. Both excessive one-sided nutrition of plants with nitrogen and its deficiency negatively affect the accumulation of sugars in plants in autumn. In the first case, this is due to their consumption for the synthesis of more complex organic compounds during the period of plant growth, and in the other, with a weakening of the photosynthesis process and with a violation of the general processes of growth and development of winter wheat in the autumn period. In the latter case, the application of nitrogen fertilizers optimizes the development conditions and improves the winter hardiness of plants.

So, when assembling a winter wheat fertilization system, it is important to take into account the conditions of its cultivation. In all cases, the advantages of nitrogen nutrition over phosphorus and potassium should not be allowed. To address the issue of introducing nitrogen into the main fertilizer, there is only one thought: on soils with a low content of its mineral forms (less than 20 mg / kg of arable soil layer), 20-30 kg / ha of nitrogen mineral fertilizers are applied.

trace elements

Winter wheat responds effectively to the application of microfertilizers. The most important trace elements for it are manganese, molybdenum, copper, zinc and boron. They are introduced into the soil along with basic mineral fertilizers, as well as foliar top dressing and pre-sowing seed treatment with micronutrient fertilizers.

Manganese contributes to an increase in the sugar content in plants, thereby providing higher frost resistance and winter hardiness, and increases yield. Most of all, plants absorb it from the tillering phase to earing. So, to prevent a significant reduction in yield, it is important to apply manganese to the seeds. The lack of manganese is observed on soils with neutral and alkaline reactions.

Copper significantly affects the formation of generative organs, the development and structure of plant cells, increases resistance to diseases, lodging, drought resistance, heat resistance and winter hardiness of plants, and contributes to better absorption of nitrogen. Its deficiency is found on limy soils, at high temperatures, and at elevated rates of nitrogen fertilizer application (more than 100 kg/ha per year).

Boron promotes the synthesis of chlorophyll, affects the formation of generative organs, the development of the root system, especially young roots. It almost does not move from the bottom of the plants to the point of growth, that is, it is not reused.

The lack of boron in plant nutrition appears on calcareous soils and after the introduction of high rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers.

Zinc is involved in many physiological processes, promotes the growth of internodes, increases heat resistance, drought resistance and frost resistance of plants, protein content in grain, plant resistance to disease. Particular attention should be paid to the provision of winter wheat with zinc when applying high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, liming, low temperatures.

Optimal nutrition of plants with microelements increases the physiological resistance of plants to diseases and pests. So, boron, copper increase the resistance of grain crops to brown, and manganese - to stem rust and cut. Boron, cobalt and manganese - to powdery mildew. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with manganese, copper and boron increases the resistance of grain crops to the Hessian fly.

Increasing the gross harvest of grain is one of the main tasks of agricultural production, but it is equally important to improve its quality indicators. Thus, the record grain harvest in 2016 provided Russia with an export potential of over 40 million tons, but the share of food wheat decreased by almost 10%, which could not but affect the rate of grain export. The low quality of grain limits, on the one hand, its export, on the other hand, the outflow of high-quality grain abroad creates its shortage in the domestic market, as a result of which no more than 7 million tons of high-quality wheat remain for the needs of domestic bakery.

Grain quality depends on many factors - weather and agrotechnical. The meteorological conditions of the growing season, the state of soil fertility, varietal characteristics, crop cultivation technology, plant damage by diseases and pests, and other factors act in a complex complex, and isolating the role of each of them is associated with significant difficulties. Meanwhile, for agricultural production, it is important to establish exactly what conditions determine the decline in the quality of the products obtained and what can be done to mitigate the negative impact of negative factors.

Thus, a number of important quality indicators of grain, such as protein content, the quantity and quality of gluten, are very closely dependent on the moisture content of the growing season of wheat. Increased moisture leads to a reduced protein content, and, conversely, in years with a dry growing season, its high content is noted. Years favorable for filling and obtaining grain with a high absolute weight, as a rule, give a low content of protein substances. The dependence of the gluten content in flour on meteorological conditions is approximately the same as for protein. Improving the moisture supply of plants due to an increased amount of precipitation or a weakening of the tension of transpiration (low temperature and high air humidity) leads to a deterioration in grain quality due to a reduced gluten content. Weather conditions leading to a decrease in the quality of grain, as a rule, are characterized by the following features - the total water reserves that the crops have (spring supply of productive moisture + the amount of precipitation from sowing to ripening) - above 300 mm; the amount of precipitation in the period from tillering to heading of spring wheat - more than 50 mm; wet days from sowing to ripening - more than 30, including at least 20 days from heading to ripening; coefficient of moisture supply during the growing season of wheat - above 0.70. In addition, these years usually have a lower temperature regime during the growing season, a small number of dry and hot days, and increased air humidity during grain filling and ripening.

The weather conditions of the current 2017, in particular, the excessive nature of moisture and the distribution of precipitation, the low temperature regime that develops during the growth and development of plants, indicates that special attention should be paid to the formation of the grain quality of this crop. The timely use of a number of agricultural practices aimed at activating protein synthesis can improve the balance of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the future crop.

Foliar application- this is a tool of operational influence on the plant, which allows in any period of vegetation, and especially in the critical one, to influence the processes that determine the future crop and its quality. Foliar top dressing, subject to the use of special fertilizers, is very quickly absorbed by the plant organism - 6-8 times faster than through the roots. Foliar feeding with multi-component foliar fertilizers removes short-term nutrient deficiencies during critical periods of growth and development, increases the ability of plants to absorb nutrients from basic fertilizers, and has an anti-stress effect.

Undoubtedly, foliar nitrogen fertilization is the most important agricultural practice for the formation of a high quality crop. The recommended dose of its application at the stage of grain filling is 10-20 kg AI/ha. The best form of nitrogen fertilizer for foliar top dressing in the heading-milky ripeness phase is carbamide (urea), which should be top-dressed at night, in order to avoid burns, at a working solution concentration of not more than 10% of the active substance. So, to apply 20 kg/ha of carbamide in physical weight, the amount of water should be at least 200 l/ha.

As for other nutrients, all of them, to one degree or another, take part in all vital processes, including protein formation. At the same time, a certain dominant role of individual elements can be traced, especially in the case of foliar top dressing. So, in the process of protein synthesis, along with nitrogen, the leading role belongs to sulfur, zinc and copper. In addition, important participants in this process are phosphorus and potassium, which, by increasing the movement of substances through the conducting system of plants, contribute to the redistribution of plastic substances from the vegetative part of plants to the economically valuable grain.

Since the deficiency of some of the above elements leads to a disruption in the process of protein synthesis, it is precisely for this reason that the revived intensive technology for cultivating winter wheat of the 1980s does not even provide valuable grain of the 3rd class, not to mention higher categories. Insufficient supply of elements causes a violation of the totality of all metabolic processes, reducing the degree of assimilation of the main nutrients, and, accordingly, lowering the bar of quality, productivity and efficiency of the use of basic fertilizers.

The chemical composition of AgroPlus-Stavropol's preparations Tiotrak, Kelik Potassium, Atlante, Nutrivant Plus Cereals contribute to a significant increase in the effectiveness of foliar nitrogen supplements aimed at improving grain quality at the final stages of growth and development of winter wheat.

YaraVita THIOTRAC (Yara Vita Thiotrac) is a liquid fertilizer with a maximum concentration of sulfur. Contains nitrogen. Removes sulfur deficiency in plants quickly and effectively. THIOTRAC contains special formulas and adjuvants for the best distribution on the leaf surface and penetration through the cuticular layer into the leaf parenchyma, it is not washed off by rain due to adhesives. Sulfur, which is part of the preparation, provides enhanced synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine, methionine, lysine, serine, etc.) of proteins, the presence of which determines the technological properties of storage gluten proteins (gliadin - elasticity, glutenin - extensibility).

Composition: Nitrogen (N) - 200 g/l = 15.2%; Sulfur (S) - 300 g/l = 22.8% (SO3 - 750 g/l = 57%).

Kelik Potassium is a liquid chelated potash fertilizer with a high content of potassium (K2O - 50%). The raw material for its production is potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Unlike nitrate and sulfate forms of potash fertilizers, Kelik Potassium stimulates the absorption of potassium by the root system of plants, exhibits a prolonged effect, reduces the manifestation of dangerous fungal diseases, activates the outflow of organic substances from leaves to fruits, and thereby improves product quality. The physiological role of the drug Kelik Potassium:

• increases drought resistance by enhancing the activity of the stomatal apparatus;
• increases the resistance of crops to diseases and pests;
• increases the dry matter content, increasing BRIX by 2-3 units;
• increases the size and mass of the grain;
• accelerates ripening;
• increases productivity, improves its quality. Ingredients: Potassium (K2O) chelated - 50%; Chelating agent EDTA - 4.5%

Atlanta- the latest complex multifunctional liquid leaf fertilizer for effective foliar feeding of cereals containing phosphorus and potassium in the most accessible form of potassium phosphite for plants. Product properties:

• Efficient, fast, affordable source of phosphorus-potassium nutrition for plants.
• Reduces the content of free nitrogen (increase in protein in products, increase in sugar yield, etc.)
• Systemic product - moves up (to the leaves) and down (to the roots).
• It activates the self-protective mechanisms of plants, promotes the production of phytoalexins and thickening of cell walls.
• It has a preventive fungicidal effect without the appearance of resistance. Prevents the development and spread of fungal diseases of the Oomycetes class (powdery mildew, downy mildew, late blight, plasmapara, etc.), resistance to other diseases (acquired systemic resistance).
• Allows you to reduce the pesticide load up to 30%.
• Helps to increase drought resistance, reduce herbicide stress.
• Increases productivity, improves product quality.

Composition: Phosphorus (Р2О5) - 30%; Potassium (K2O) - 20% (P and K in the form of potassium phosphite - KH2PO3); density: 1.4 g/l.

Nutrivant Plus Cereals- fertilizer intended for foliar feeding of grain crops. It contains a physiologically balanced complex of macro- and microelements. According to its chemical composition, the fertilizer fully corresponds to the physiological needs of grain crops. The amide nitrogen and microelements included in its composition ensure the accumulation of protein in the grain and improve the baking qualities of wheat. Crops of spiked crops are processed during the beginning of heading. Do not use the drug in the flowering phase.

Thanks to its unique formula, Fertivant, which is part of the preparation, retains nutrients on the leaf surface for a month and, by expanding the intercellular spaces, contributes to the long-term involvement of nutrients in the metabolic system of the plant. Composition: 6N-23P2O5-35K2O+1MgO+0.1B+0.2Mn+0.2Zn+0.2Cu+0.05Fe+0.002Mo+ Fertivant.

We recommend the following as the most effective and approved in the course of production tests of the schemes for the use of the above drugs:

1. Kelik Potassium, 0.5-1.0 l/ha. 2. Atlanta, 0.3 l/ha + Tiotrak, 0.5 l/ha. 3. Nutrivant Plus Cereals, 1.5 kg/ha + Thiotrak, 0.3 l/ha.

Carrying out foliar feeding with these preparations together with urea will allow:

• make up for the deficiency of nutrients necessary for the synthesis of organic substances;
• increase the intensity of the movement of substances along the conductive elements (phloem and xylem);
• change the energy (phosphorus compounds) and hormonal status of plants and, thereby, activate the processes of biosynthesis;
• increase the period of photosynthetic activity of the flag leaf and spike scales by increasing the resistance of plants to infection.

The correct use of chemical fertilizers in growing plants not only increases yields, but also affects the quality of the grain.

During the period of growth and maturation, this culture consumes a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, therefore, a constant balance is required. Application liquid fertilizer for winter wheat allows you to achieve balance and good results. It is necessary to carry out these works in a comprehensive manner so that the plants develop organically.

Effect of fertilizers on wheat. Nuances in application of fertilizers when sowing winter wheat

The main role in improving the quality of grain is played by nitrogen mixtures. The effect of fertilizers on wheat is felt already in the first year of planting in a certain area. Constant feeding brings more significant results. The yield increases by almost two times, and the quality of the resulting product also improves.

Top dressing with urea allows you to saturate the soil with the nitrogen necessary for plant growth, which is released during the breakdown of the active substance. Also, to improve the quality of grain, it is necessary to introduce copper and manganese into the mixture. They allow you to increase the amount of protein and gluten.

At the initial stage, fertilization for winter wheat requires phosphorus mixtures. They allow you to increase the yield. With a lack of this substance at an early stage, it cannot be replenished later by abundant application to the soil. AND liquid phosphate fertilizers must be brought together with planting material in the rows. The lack of a substance leads to poor development of the plant.

Prior to the flowering of the ear, care must be taken to apply potash liquid fertilizers. Fertilizing when sowing winter wheat, containing potassium, contributes to the development of cold resistance and resistance to fungal diseases. A strong straw is formed, the excess influence of nitrogen is eliminated.

What fertilizers are needed for winter wheat: features of fertilizing for wheat

Farmers are concerned about the question of what fertilizer to apply when sowing winter wheat for abundant growth and a good harvest. The company "Terra" offers a wide range of various liquid organomineral fertilizers. This form contributes to high-quality soil fertilization and a plentiful harvest.

What fertilizer to apply when sowing winter wheat, as well as at other stages of its growth

Reasil Forte Seed Start (W/V) is intended for application at sowing. The grain germinates well, sprouts better and has a high viability. The plant becomes more resistant to drought, frost and various diseases.

Reasil Forte Carb-N-Humic (W/V) nitrogen substance. It is used after top dressing with saltpeter during the germination period. A high-quality formula contributes to one hundred percent assimilation. The leaf cover of the plant is being processed. Fertilizer is absorbed better than saltpeter.

Humasporin (W/V) increases immune system plants. It contains several types of acids, biologically active substances. Helps to strengthen the plant, helps to get rid of various diseases. Increases productivity and extends the shelf life of grain.

Reasil Forte Carb-S-Amino (W/V) contains nitrogen, sulfur, amino acids and other biologically active substances. Improves the root system, increases the yield of cereals, increases the proportion of protein in the product, increases the yield. It is used to fertilize winter wheat and other grain crops.

All these and many other fertilizers in a wide range are represented by the company "Terra". High-quality products from a local producer without unnecessary chemical additives contribute to an increase in yield and improve the quality of grain.

To obtain the maximum yield, it is necessary to use top dressing during the growing season of crops. Feeding winter wheat can vary significantly depending on the time of its application. In each of the periods of plant growth, it needs different elements - certain means are used. The article will describe the technology, timing of application and types of dressings used for winter wheat.

Top dressing for winter wheat must be applied throughout the entire growing season of the plant, and this is at least in autumn, spring and summer. If possible, you can fertilize more often, they will not harm: in the fall, before planting, the ground is fertilized, then in the spring, during plant growth, bushing, flowering, tube development, heading, special substances are applied to support and improve crop growth.

If top dressings are applied correctly and in the right amount, they will not spoil the wheat, but if they are added in excess, the plant may disappear or the taste of the grains will simply deteriorate.

What substances are important for winter wheat?

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Wheat, like any other crop, needs certain substances for active growth and development. Below are the most important elements due to which winter wheat grows quickly, rarely gets sick and gives a rich harvest.

These three elements are the most important for winter wheat. But besides them, the plant needs boron, sulfur, manganese, zinc, magnesium, calcium. The last two are actively involved in the metabolic processes of the plant. In small doses, some of them are present in complex fertilizers, but if it is necessary to increase the rate, then it is easiest to purchase these substances separately and simply mix them into top dressing.

What fertilizer to choose for wheat?

The means used to improve the quality of land and plants depend on the time of their introduction. The fertilizer used to feed winter wheat throughout the growing season should contain an abundance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

In autumn before winter, the earth should be fertilized with complex substances. At this time, "Superphosphate" (200 kg/ha) can be applied with the addition of "Potassium salt" (200 kg/ha). As for nitrogen, about 300 kg / ha is applied in autumn for soil with normal indicators directly into the ground with other minerals. As you can see, the ratio of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus to be applied to the ground is approximately 1.5: 1: 1 - the golden mean, according to most experts.

Often in the fall, organic matter is used - manure. If the norm of humus in the soil does not exceed 2%, it is necessary to apply 35 tons of the substance per hectare of land. To improve the quality of soil on chernozems, no more than 20 t/ha is used.

It is important to note that there are no exact norms for fertilizing, it all depends on the quality of the land, its acidity, and fertility. In order to find out the exact numbers, it is worth doing a soil analysis, it will show what the earth lacks and what is in abundance.

Feeding rates for winter wheat also depend on what kind of crop the agrarian intends to receive. With a yield of 10 kg / ha, plants will take on average 37 kg of nitrogen, 13 kg of phosphorus and 21 kg of potassium from the ground. It is this amount that needs to be replenished throughout the entire growing season of the crop so that the land does not become depleted.

Do not forget that when fertilizing the land for the winter, before sowing, you need to balance its acidity; for this, lime or dolomite flour is added. But this procedure is necessary only on acidic soils.

In spring and summer, mineral substances are usually used, they are easier to work with. For spring top dressing, which is carried out no later than March, nitrogen mixtures are used. An average of 45 kg of ammonium nitrate is taken per 1 hectare. In summer you can use carbamide (urea).

Urea is a universal top dressing for winter wheat. It can be used during the formation of a bush, flowering, exit to the tube, earing - that is, in different periods of development. If urea is applied to the ground, then an average of 150 kg/ha is required. In the case of irrigation and irrigation of culture, solutions of different concentrations are used:

• in spring - 20%;
• during the flowering period - 20%;
• during the period of getting on the phone - 11%;
• during heading - 8% solution.

Fertilizer technology

Depending on the type of winter wheat top dressing, it can be used in different ways. In the case of sowing a winter species, the site is fertilized from the end of August. Then the procedure is repeated in the first half of September. Organic matter and minerals are always applied to the ground in autumn before wheat is planted. At the same time, the soil is qualitatively plowed up and left for a week or two.

In the spring, you can use a very simple method. Top dressings (ammonium nitrate and phosphorus-potassium mixtures, if they were not introduced in the fall) are laid directly on top of the snow that has not yet melted in early spring. Only in this case, a double dose of nitrogen substances is used, and phosphorus and potassium are taken no more than the norm! The fact is that nitrogen is a volatile substance, while the snow melts, it can evaporate. If, however, to lay a double norm, then, together with the melting of snow, the fats will saturate the earth and young wheat sprouts to the fullest.

Carbamide or urea can be used in a variety of ways. In the case of fertilizing the earth, you just need to sprinkle the soil with it and pour plenty of water. You can also apply root and foliar top dressing for plants. They are used in cloudy weather, but it is important that there is no rain if the top dressing is foliar!