Fusarium- a common disease of wild and cultivated plants, which is caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium, penetrating through wounds in the roots. The source of infection can be soil, seed and seedlings. Fusarium is common in all climatic zones.

Fusarium disease - description

Fusarium disease affects the vascular system of plants, causing fusarium wilt. Fungi also act on tissues, which is why decay roots, fruits and seeds. When plants wither, they die from blockage of blood vessels by the mycelium of the fungus and its toxic secretions, resulting in a violation of vital functions. Affected specimens bloom poorly, their leaves turn yellow and fall off, the root system stops developing and darkens, and darkened vessels can be seen on the stem cut.

The disease begins with root rot: the infection penetrates from the soil through small roots, and then enters large roots, after which it rises along the stems to the leaves through the outlet vessels. First, the leaves of the lower tier wither, the edges of the rest become watery, and yellow and light green spots appear on the plates. The vessels of the petioles weaken, and the leaves hang along the stem like rags. In conditions of high humidity, a thin layer appears on the leaf plates. white coating. The disease progresses with sharp fluctuations in temperature and humidity, as well as against the background of insufficient soil nutrition.

Factors that contribute to the activation of Fusarium pathogens:

• weakening of the plant by poor care or improper conditions of detention;
• too dense landing;
• acidic soil, heavy soil, stagnation of moisture in the soil, preventing air from reaching the roots of plants, planting plants in low-lying areas;
• excessive application of chemicals to the soil, including fertilizers containing chlorine;
• location of the landing close to the industrial zone, especially to the metallurgical enterprises, or to the highway;
• dry roots due to insufficient watering;
• high humidity and high temperature.

Fusarium of plants (garden)

Fusarium wheat

Fusarium pathogens can infect both ears and roots of wheat.

Head blight is dangerous for all grain crops: a week after infection or a little later, an orange-pink mass of conidia appears on the ears of cereals, which can be spread by wind over considerable distances. Ascospores are also preserved on plant debris, becoming a source of infection for the future crop. Fusarium head blight epidemics regularly occur during those seasons when the weather is warm and humid during the heading period. In these cases, yield losses can range from 20 to 50%, and eating contaminated grains leads to the accumulation of very dangerous mycotoxins in the human body.

Fusarium root rot is caused by members of a group that remain in the soil for many years, but are easily spread by wind, water and infected seed. Infection occurs during the period of seed germination and during their further growth: pathogens penetrate the roots and enter all surface tissues. Conditions that inhibit plants contribute to the development of the disease. Signs that wheat is infected with root rot are low seed germination, plant discoloration, slow growth, low weight, and finally dark, almost black, ruined wheat roots. Yield losses from Fusarium root rot can range from 5 to 30%.

Fusarium of tomatoes

Fusarium of fruit and berry crops

Fusarium strawberry

The first signs of Fusarium wilt of strawberries are necrosis of the edges of the leaves and a slight loss of turgor by the leaves. Then the petioles and leaves gradually turn brown, turn brown, almost black, and die. The socket is falling apart, and the bushes seem to be pressed to the ground. The whole process takes about one and a half months. Usually, the symptoms of the disease become noticeable at the beginning of the filling and ripening phase of berries, when the plant experiences an increased need for nutrition and moisture.

The degree of damage to strawberries by Fusarium wilt depends on the climate, the level of agricultural technology and the age of planting. It must be borne in mind that most of the garden strawberry varieties do not have resistance to Fusarium, although there are exceptions, for example, the Zenga variety.

Fusarium melon

Fusarium disease - prevention

Fusarium disease cannot be cured, but it is possible to prevent plant damage by pathogens. High agricultural technology, crop rotation and fungicide dressing of seed and planting material make crops more resistant to Fusarium. Before sowing or planting, the seed material is sorted and discarded with diseased or damaged seeds, tubers, bulbs and corms, after which the quality material is disinfected in a biological fungicide solution. In the future, it is desirable to use phosphorus-potassium fertilizers as top dressings and be careful when introducing aggressive biological organics.

Liming acidic soil with dolomite flour or chalk also reduces the likelihood of plant damage by root rot, since Fusarium pathogens do not live in neutral soil saturated with calcium. An effective preventive measure to protect flowers and berry bushes from Fusarium is watering plants under the root with a pink solution of potassium permanganate with the addition of boric acid. It is produced once a season. In addition, you need to keep your garden and garden clean, regularly deal with weeds, pests and diseases, loosen the soil, use fertilizers responsibly, remove crop residues in a timely manner and dress the soil before planting or sowing.

Remove diseased plants along with the earthen clod, do not compost them, but burn them immediately. Disinfect garden tools after contact with diseased plants using industrial alcohol (denatured alcohol). Wash your shoes to avoid spreading contaminated soil on the soles. Disinfect all containers in which Fusarium-sick plants grew, and lay only sterile soil in them. To curb the development of pathogenic flora, mulch plantings with silver polyethylene or black PVC film.

Before laying the bulbs, rhizomes and tubers for storage, carefully inspect them, discard the sick and damaged ones, and treat the healthy ones with a solution of Fundazol.

Fusarium preparations (fungicides)

For the cultivation of soil and seed resort to the help of such biological fungicides:

• Agat-25K - a drug that has a detrimental effect on the source of fusarium, but at the same time promotes productivity and improves soil characteristics;
• Fitosporin-M - a microbiological preparation for the treatment of compost, soil, planting material and seeds before sowing, planting and laying the crop for storage;
• Bactofit is a biological fungicide that promotes the development of healthy microflora;
• Trichodermin - a preparation for pre-sowing dressing of seeds, as well as for preventive tillage, which improves its properties;
• Vitaros - a preparation for dressing bulbs, rhizomes and tubers before storage or planting;
• Maxim - fungicide for preventive dressing of seeds and planting material;
• Potassium humate is an organomineral fertilizer from lowland peat, which has fungicidal properties and has a beneficial effect on soil properties and plant development. Humate is used for pre-sowing treatment of seeds and soil.

The preparations Gamair, Trichofit, Fitoflavin, Previkur, Alirin-B, as well as systemic fungicides Topsin-M and Fundazol have a strong effect against fungi of the Fusarium genus.

Folk remedies for the fight against fusarium

It is impossible to defeat Fusarium with folk remedies for the same reason: the disease penetrates the plant through the roots and destroys it from the inside, so the signs of the disease appear too late. But for the preventive treatment of healthy plants and soil, folk remedies are suitable:

• dilute 25 g of grated laundry soap in a liter of milk, add 35 drops of iodine and treat the plants with this composition;
• stir a glass of wood ash in two liters of water, dissolve a tablespoon of grated laundry soap and let the composition stand for two days, then treat the plants and the soil around them with infusion. Repeat the treatment after a week;
• Boil 2 handfuls of onion peel in a bucket of water for 30 minutes, then strain, add another bucket of water and pour the decoction of the plant from a watering can;
• the crushed head of garlic must be infused for a day in 1 liter of water, then the infusion is filtered and 9 liters are added to it and the plants are sprayed with this infusion the very next evening.

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Eating a variety of plant crops by humans and animals can carry the factors of a disease called fusariotoxicosis. Fusariotoxicosis develops as a result of the ingestion of warm-blooded living creatures by mitotoxins of the fungus of the genus Fusarium.

Herbal products at risk:

• wheat grain,
• oat grain,
• rye grain,
• barley grain,
• corn grain,
• sunflower seed,
• legumes (soybeans, beans, beans, peas),
• nuts.

But the danger of infection with Fusarium of plants and the death of the crop is not the only problem that a person faces. The fungus can remain on parts of plants, survive in agricultural storages and, when ingested, can cause poisoning that is not just dangerous, but deadly. Mitotoxins fungi are resistant to high temperatures, to fermentation processes. Mitotoxins can interfere with the work immune system, provoke cancer, affect reproductive activity, cause neurotoxic disorders.

Fusariotoxicosis symptoms caused by Fusarium mitotoxins:

• burning sensation in the mouth and throat,
• the appearance of necrotic plaque on the mucous membrane,
• muscle pain,
• sweating,
• hemorrhages (hemorrhages),
• general malaise,
• loss of appetite,
• angina-like symptoms.

The danger of fusariotoxicosis is that there is no specific treatment against exposure to mitotoxins. There are no effective agents capable of binding and removing mitotoxins from the body. Treatment is symptomatic. Often used broad-spectrum drugs, supportive therapy.

Prevention of Fusariotoxicosis disease includes:

• destruction of fungus-affected seed stocks to prevent them from getting into food;
• exclusion from consumption of grain that has overwintered under conditions provoking infection with a fungus (in the field, in non-disinfected storage facilities);
• not mixing old stocks of grain and new arrivals;
• it is important for the consumer when eating nuts and grains of the aforementioned plants to roast it on a baking sheet.

"Fusariosis" of the ear ("scab" of the ear *) is a disease of plants, the causative agents of which can be both fungi r. Fusarium (F. graminearum), and mushrooms of the river. Microdochium (M. nivale, M. majus)

Symptoms of the disease

Infection of the ear occurs under favorable conditions for sporulation of the pathogen. In the process of filling-milky ripeness, ears appear with discolored scales of individual spikelets, which are easy to see among the green ones. In wet weather, you can see a bloom of sporulation of the fungus - orange-red or pink, depending on the type of pathogen. Moreover, both pathogens of ear scab cause outwardly the same symptoms.

The fungus enters the grain and infects it through the glumes. The lower or upper part of the ear, the straw under it, or the entire ear may be damaged. The grain affected by Fusarium is shriveled and feeble, has a pinkish tint.

Harm

When infected, the grain partially or completely loses its germination capacity. Even if it has not been severely affected, it cannot be used for feed or food purposes, as it contains fusariotoxins that can cause poisoning and disease in animals and humans. However, studies have shown that mushrooms r. Microdochium, which also affects the ear, does not produce toxins in the grain. Read more article by Gagkaeva T.Yu.

The total yield loss in case of ear scab damage is 20-50%.

* the name of the ear disease as "scab" appeared recently, it can be found in various sources, incl. in the above article Gagkaeva T.Yu.

Factors contributing to the development of the disease

• grain precursor;
• high level of humidity and heat during the earing-flowering period;
• Fusarium damage to plants in the root and leaf parts.

Protective Measures

Ways to prevent and protect against fusarium of the ear of wheat are:

• crop rotation;
• incorporation of vegetation residues;
• timely cleaning and drying of grain;
• balanced use of fertilizers;
• use of early maturing varieties of plants;
• seed dressing:
• treatment with fungicides containing tebuconazole in the heading phase:

Bibliography:

1. Peresypkin V.F. Agricultural phytopathology - M.: Agropromizdat
2. Popov S. Ya., Dorozhkina L. A., Kalinin V. A. Fundamentals of chemical plant protection / Ed. ed. Professor S. Ya. Popov. - M., Art - Lyon, 2003. Timiryazev K. A.
3. Abelentsev, V.I. Efficiency of seed treaters / V.I. Abelentsev // Protection and quarantine of plants. - 2003.
4. Bilay, V.I. Fusaria (biology and systematics) / V.I. Bilay. - Kyiv, "Nauko-va Dumka", 1977.
5. Bilay, V.I. Morphological features of fungi r. Fusarium in submerged cultivation / V.I. Bilay, I.A. Ellanskaya // Microbiological journal. - M., 1980.
6. Vetrov, Yu.F. Root rots of cereals in the USSR / Yu.F. Vetrov // Mycology and Phytopathology. - 1971.
7. Gagkaeva T.Yu. Current state taxonomy of fungi of the Gibbe-rella fujikuroi complex / T.Yu. Gagkaeva, M.M. Levitin // Mycology and Phytopathology. - 2005.
8. Gagkaeva, T.Yu., Gavrilova O.P. Fusarium of grain crops / T.Yu. Gagkaeva, O.P. Gavrilova // Plant Protection. - 2009
9. Zdrozhevskaya, S.D. A set of measures to protect plants from diseases for zonal technologies for growing agricultural crops / S.D. Zdrozhevskaya, V.V. Kotova, L.D. Grishechkina, T.I. Ishkova // Yearbook, RAAS, VIZR, Innovation Center. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
10. Ishkova, T.I. Diagnostics of the main fungal diseases of cereals / T.I. Ishkova, L.I. Berestetskaya, E.L. Gasich, M. M. Levitin, D. Yu. Vlasov. - St. Petersburg, 2008.
11. Zazimko M.I. Strategy and tactics for protecting grain crops from diseases in the autumn of 2014. - AgroXXI
12. Shkalikov V.A. Protection of plants from diseases. - M.: Kolos, 2010.
13. Shpaar D. Grain crops (Growing, harvesting, refinement and use). - M.: ID OOO "DLV Agrodelo", 2008.
14. Protection of plants from pests./Ed. prof. V.V. Isaicheva, - M., Kolos, 2002.
15. Vasiliev V.P., Livshits I.Z. Pests of fruit crops. - M.: Kolos, 1984.
16. Vasiliev V.P., Livshits I.Z. Pests of fruit crops. - M.: Kolos, 1984.
17. Savzdarg E.E. Pests of berry crops. - M. State publishing house of agricultural literature, 1960.
18. Bondarenko N.V., Pospelov S.M. General and agricultural entomology L.: Agropromizdat - 1991
19. Bei-Bienko G. Ya. General entomology: Textbook. - Ed. Stereotypical. St. Petersburg: Prospekt Nauki, 2008.
20. Han Q.M., Kang Z.S., Buchenauer H., Huang L.L., Zhao J. Cytological and immunocytochemical studies on the effects of the fungicide tebuconazole on the interaction of wheat with stripe rust - Journal of Plant Pathology (2006), 88 (3) , 263-271 Edizioni ETS Pisa, 2006.
21. Martin Nagelkirk. Fungicides. Classification and activity, 2008.

» Garden

This disease is found in any region, but it is most common in the foothills North Caucasus, in the territories of western Ukraine, in Belarus, the Baltic states. This problem also occurs in the regions of the Russian non-Black Earth region, the western regions of Siberia. And if it rains heavily on the days of grain filling, get ready to deal with this problem. This review will discuss the disease of wheat, called septoria, the causes of the appearance and methods of combating this disease.

The fungus Septoria is considered a pathogen. It most often affects tomatoes, cereals, millet, vineyards, gooseberries, currant bushes, soybean and hemp plants. Mainly the disease spreads through the remains of vegetation through swelling of pycnidia on rainy days.

Signs of the disease are spots of a rusty or brown hue, irregular in shape. They are surrounded by a yellow border. In the central parts of the spots, black dots, called pycnidia, can be observed. This is where the fungus grows.

After a certain time, the spot covers the entire leaf. With the full development of the disease, the shoots are affected, the foliage begins to dry out, the stems wrinkle and turn brown. The leaves often fall prematurely.

Causes of the disease

Favorable conditions for the development of the fungus are considered high humidity and temperature at twenty - twenty-five degrees Celsius.

How to deal with steptoria?

The fight against wheat disease should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, taking into account the phytosanitary conditions of crops. They use not only agrotechnical measures, but also chemical treatments:

• when harvesting, the stubble is peeled, then autumn plowing is performed- these methods of tillage will help to completely destroy the pathogen, located on the remains of vegetation. During plowing, pycnidia are destroyed, their spores die in two to three weeks;

• it is not recommended to sow neighboring fields with crops, which can be affected by septoria fungus;
• necessary maintain optimal sowing dates. The greatest development of the disease is observed on winter wheat. From these fields in the spring, the disease passes to nearby crops. For spring wheat, it is best to plant early so as not to create favorable conditions for the fungus;
• seed material should be dressed, after all, they can be a source of disease. If five or more percent of the foliage is affected by the disease, then fungicidal agents come into play.

Detection of Fusarium on wheat

The main source of the disease is the affected seeds and soil composition. Pathogenic pathogens can persist in the ground and on the remains of vegetation for a long period. If the plant has sufficient immunity, then the disease will not manifest itself.

The disease can develop under adverse climatic conditions, on weakened plants damaged by insects.

Fusarium pathogen has a high level of resistance to weather conditions, which helps him to remain viable for a long time. It shows the greatest activity if the temperature regime is twenty-five degrees Celsius, and the humidity level reaches ninety percent.

This disease can reduce yields and impair grain quality.

The main symptoms of this disease are:

• palpitation of the affected grains, presence of wrinkles deep furrows, points on the sides;
• grain surface loses color either turns pink and does not shine;

• loose endosperms, decrease or complete loss of vitreousness;
• in grain furrows and germinal areas a cobweb-shaped plaque appears, whitish or pink. You can also distinguish the pads in which conidium accumulates;
• cereal germ loses the ability to live looks dark on the cut.

A grain that appears healthy on the outside may contain microtoxins and fungal spores.

Plants affected by Fusarium bloom poorly, turn yellow, lose leaves. The root system develops poorly, darkish vessels are visible on the cut of the stem.

Causes of appearance and methods of struggle

These include the following:

• saturation of crop rotation grain varieties;
• direct crops, performed with minimal tillage;
• susceptibility plants to the disease;
• hot weather, a high percentage of air humidity during flowering, ripening and harvesting;
• neglect protective measures.

The yield is reduced by fifteen to twenty percent. Grain quality may be completely lost.

Today, advanced methods have been developed to deal with a similar problem, which use fungicidal preparations. With their help, the disease is destroyed, and the quality of crops remains at the same level.

Disease prevention in the future

To minimize problems with septoria, do not take the plant outdoors in rainy weather. It is necessary to control the level of moisture content in the room. It is recommended to ventilate the room, apply nitrogen-containing preparations to the soil, create sufficient illumination. Sowing crops are treated with special preparations.

If the plants are ill with Fusarium, then it is necessary to remove and burn the affected parts, and disinfect the soil. In case of mass lesions, it is recommended to change areas for landings, use chemicals. Their effectiveness fully depends on timely application. The speed and timeliness of the processing of ears will have a proper impact on the final performance.

Diseases of grain crops are very serious, they can lead to loss in the quantity and quality of crops. Their timely identification and the adoption of appropriate measures can save the situation.

Fusarium is a worldwide problem. Diseases resulting from the infection of various cereal crops by certain species of pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium are among the most serious and potentially devastating diseases throughout the world, and especially in the regions of the USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia and Europe, incl. Ukraine engaged in the cultivation of wheat. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a sharp increase in the incidence of diseases caused by a pathogenic fungus of the genus Fusarium. The risk of infection has increased due to changes in cropping practices: for example, the increasing use of minimum tillage technology; an increase in the frequency of sowing grain crops in the crop rotation, as well as as a result of an increase in the area under corn. Infectious lesions caused by a pathogenic fungus of the genus Fusarium can occur at the base of the stem, on leaves and on ears. The greatest damage is caused if the pathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum infect the ear. Since these pathogenic fungi produce mycotoxins, they can be a direct reason for limiting the use of contaminated grain for food and feed production. Mycotoxins are dangerous for humans and animals Fusarium spike leads to a decrease in the weight of a thousand grains and the number of grains per ear, and also reduces the viability of seeds. Yield losses can reach more than 50%. This disease also reduces the baking quality of flour and can adversely affect the brewing process when infected barley is used. However, an even more important factor is the ability of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium to produce mycotoxins, i.e. products of the metabolic processes of the fungus, which are toxic to humans and animals and can cause serious damage to the body, even in small concentrations. The most dangerous fusariotoxins, which are produced on cultivated cereal balls, are nivalenol, deoxyn-valenol - mainly on wheat, triticale and barley. Wheat, barley and rye are especially vulnerable. Typical symptom: discolouration of the ear Infection or re-infection with F. graminea rum and F. culmorum results in discolouration of the ear or a whole group of colossi. Brown-violet coloration is also often observed on the central axis of the ear. If the weather conditions are favorable for the development of the fungus, then at the base of the spike and at the edges of the spike scales, spore bodies are formed, the color of which ranges from orange-red to pink. Symptoms of the disease may differ, depending on which of the cereal crops is affected by this disease - wheat, triticale, oats, rye, spring or winter barley. Infection with conidia and ascospores. Pathogens, predominantly in the form of conidia and ascospores, overwinter in the fields on dead plant debris such as straw and stubble. Conidiospores can infect the ear after being sprayed from letter to letter up along the stem by raindrops, but wind-blown ascospores also play an important role in directly infecting the ear. Ascospores develop in fruiting bodies called perithecia. These fruiting bodies are formed on infected organic residues located on the soil surface. Over time, the perithecia mature and scatter ascospores. If cold and wet weather persists for a long time after spore release, an asymptomatic increase in the number of spores may occur. Because ascospores can only spread over very short distances, the source of infection in a particular field is usually a potentially infected object present in that field. The risk of infection depends on whether crops are near the epicenter of infection at the time of spore release. The most susceptible to them is the flowering phase, when the pathogen has just matured its spores, they easily penetrate into the plant tissues. The main routes of infection are anthers, ovaries, and the inner surface of the glumes. After successful infection, the mycelium of the fungus begins to develop inside the plant tissue towards the stem. With a strong infection, the pathogen produces a large amount of mycelium, which is deposited in the vascular-conducting system of the stem. As a result, partial or complete discolouration of the spike or white spike occurs. The degree of infestation depends on weather conditions and pathogen potential. The most important factor influencing the incidence of Fusarium infection is the forerunner, tillage quality, variety selection, weather conditions and fungicide use. Two of these factors, precursor and tillage, have a recent influence on the amount of pathogen accumulation potential. The combination of the initial pathogenic potential and weather conditions, in turn, determines the accumulation of the pathogen, which can later lead to the appearance of fusariosis of the ear. The danger of Fusarium infection also depends on the perception of agricultural (development stage / resistance of the variety) and the timing of the application of fungicides. Variable and rainy weather during the heading period is especially conducive to the occurrence of infection. In order for destructive pathogens such as fungi of the genus Fusarium to infect the plant, they only need a wet period of 24 to 40 hours at temperatures above 20°C. ° C during the flowering period of wheat, there can be a very high risk of an outbreak. Different types of Fusarium fungus differ mainly in the requirements for the temperature at which infection occurs (F. culmorum: 16-18 ° C; F. graminearum: 20-22 ° C). Warm and humid weather between flowering and maturation of crops, combined with their late harvest, creates preconditions for the spread of pathogens and contamination of grain with toxins. Main source of infection: maize stubble in short rotation crop rotation. Stubble, as well as other plant residues that remain on the soil surface, especially corn stalks, which are difficult to decompose, are a source of infection throughout the growing season; thus, the risk of infection of further crops is increased. So, tillage with minimal mechanical action contributes greatly to the occurrence of infection: depending on the technology and method of cultivation used, most of the plant residues remain on the surface of the soil and in its surface layer. According to a study in France, after harvesting wheat planted by direct seeding after corn, the content of deoxynivalenol in it was four times higher than that of wheat sown after ploughing. For minimum tillage, the content of toxins in the soil was twice as high as for plowing. It is absolutely clear that the incorporation of stubble into the soil by plowing significantly reduces the risk of infection. However, stubble, which was previously in the soil and during the plowing process, returned to the surface of the soil during preparation of the soil for subsequent crops, still remains a source of infection if it is not completely overripe. The greatest risk of infection is if wheat is sown by direct seeding after corn. The second very risky method, albeit with a much lower degree of risk, is hanging wheat by direct sowing in the stubble after cereal predecessors. Different strategies must be used to reduce infestation. Farmers need to apply certain agronomic measures to avoid infection of crops with Fusarium fungus, since the crop should not contain toxins in concentrations exceeding the acceptable level of infection. Depending on location and other factors, the following measures should be taken to reduce infection: Careful choice of crops in rotation: reduce the amount of corn or grains in long rotation rotation.

Variety selection: growing varieties with less susceptibility to Fusarium fungus; Stubble incorporation: plowing the soil reduces the risk of infection; also grinding and uniform distribution of plant residues of agricultural crops accelerates the process of their decomposition in the soil with the help of microorganisms (which proceeds even faster when ammonia urea is added to the soil);

Carrying out top dressing of agricultural household balls tour: underdevelopment of the crop and lodging (both of these phenomena can increase the susceptibility of plants to infection) should be avoided by applying fertilizers in accordance with the requirements for specific crops. Harvesting the crop as soon as the grain has reached the required stage of maturation (sufficiently low moisture content);

Application of plant protection products: use of fungicides.

Treatment of seeds with disinfectants, spraying leaves and ears with appropriate preparations (which include active ingredients such as tebuconazole, prothioconazole: Lamardor, Raxil Ultra, Falcon, Folicur), which reduce infectious loads. Effective fungicides are already available, but weather conditions remain the main factor that determines the appearance of infection. If conditions are conducive to infection, farms have little choice but to use fungicides to control Fusarium to reduce infection and, most importantly, to reduce mycotoxin production. When the lesions caused by this pathogen are already present at the time of processing the leaves, it makes sense to use a preparation containing components that are effective against the Fusarium fungus - Falcon, Folicur. Such actions can lead to a significant reduction in infection by these pathogens and a decrease in mycotoxin contamination. According to the results of tests, during which the ears of cereal crops were treated with azole fungicides (containing components such as tebuconazole or prothioconazole as an active substance), it was clearly proved that when the crops were treated at the appropriate time, the degree of damage to the spike by Fusarium, and, accordingly, the level of infection with the toxin , can be significantly reduced. In field trials spanning several years in France, Germany and the UK, Falcon significantly reduced infections with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium in more than half of the wheat varieties studied, and also reduced the content of deoxynivalenol in grain by an average of 50%. The timing for treatment is highly dependent on the species of pathogenic fungus Fusarium and the weather conditions required for infection. All this means that the time for optimal treatment of crops with fungicides is limited. The best time to apply drugs during flowering is after one to two days from the moment of infection with a pathogen. First of all, after rain, after the beginning of the appearance of the ear (when about 30-40% of the ears appeared). Spraying efficiency may be less if it is carried out only a few days earlier or later than necessary. Tests carried out over a period of several years have shown that the optimal time to use the preparations is, on average, within three days before flowering and three days after flowering. However, the occurrence of infection caused by the pathogenic Fusarium fungus can be successfully reduced with the use of Falcon.