History does not always bring great discoveries and happy moments to mankind. Often in the world there are irreversible events that forever destroy the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Such was the deportation of peoples to the USSR. Causes, conditions, results and consequences now remain an open question that worries historians and causes controversy and clarification. Nevertheless, this tragedy cannot be regarded as a positive event in the history of mankind. Why? Let's look at this issue further.

concept

The deportation of peoples to the USSR is an event that shook the country in the thirties of the last century. such a scale had not been held before, so for people it was a shock. The main feature of the deportation is that the process itself was outside the legal proceedings. The masses of the people were moved, not taking into account mutual determination, to different habitats, which were unusual for everyone, far from their home, and sometimes dangerous.

Historical reference

Historically, it so happened that the deportation of peoples to the USSR broke the lives of ten nationalities. Among them were Germans and Koreans, there were also Chechens, Kalmyks and other residents, who, with all this, also lost their national autonomy.

People lost everything they had: home, family, relatives, jobs and money. They were forcibly taken out and settled in terrible conditions in which only the most persistent survived. To this day, it is not known exactly which peoples of the USSR were deported, since their numbers were huge. Social strata and ethno-confessional population fell into this "repressive meat grinder". Soviet citizens survived the terrible events of the 30s, and later the Second World War.

This cruelty disturbed the peace of Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Moldavians, Bulgarians, Armenians, Turks and other ethnic groups. It was only in 1991 that they could call this event a violation of human rights. Then the law recognized that the deportation of peoples to the USSR took place, and the repressed people were subjected to genocide, slander, forced resettlement, terror and other violations.

Causes of injustice

Why did the deportation of peoples to the USSR begin? The reasons are usually interpreted in the light of the beginning. So to say, it was the terrible events of the 40s that became the basis for the eviction of objectionable peoples. But those who dig deep into these events will realize that this is not the main reason. After all, the deportation of peoples to the USSR began long before the military tragedy.

Why did the Soviet government mercilessly send its population to their deaths? Until now, there are disputes about this. It is officially accepted that betrayal was the reason for the deportation of peoples to the USSR to begin. The reason lay in the help of the representatives of these nations to Hitler, as well as their active actions against the Red Army.

A striking example of injustice in the repression of nationalities can be considered the history of the Chechens and Ingush. Their forced eviction was hidden, and the real reasons were not disclosed. People were forced to believe that tactical exercises would take place on the territory of their native land. According to many historians, after all, the problem of such cruel treatment of these peoples was their struggle for national independence and opposition to the terror of Soviet power.

A similar situation happened with the Koreans. They began to be evicted due to espionage in favor of Japan, which was allegedly carried out by representatives of this nationality. But if we consider those events in more detail, a political motive for repression emerges. Thus, thanks to the eviction of the Koreans, the USSR demonstrated its readiness for cooperation with China, opposition to Japan and, in general, its political position in the Far East.

In general, it is worth noting that the deportation of peoples to the USSR briefly showed the attitude of the authorities to the political situation around the world. If earlier they tried to liquidate only peoples striving for independence, then during the war they, thanks to the eviction of nations, catered to the allies.

First wave

The first example of violent events was found back in 1918. Then, for seven years, the Soviet government tried to evict the White Guard Cossacks and those who had large plots of land. The first test subjects were the Cossacks of the Terek region. In addition to the fact that they had to go to other areas, to the Donbass and the North Caucasus, their native region was transferred to other future victims, the Ingush and Chechens.

Of course, the deportation of peoples to the USSR could not end in anything good. Historiography shows that in 1921 even Russian residents were evicted from their Semirechye region when they were forcibly escorted out of Turkestan.

The following events took place already in the 30s. Mass arrest of Estonians, Latvians, Poles, Germans, Finns and Lithuanians began in Leningrad. It was followed by the eviction of the Finnish Ingrians. A couple of years later, families of Poles and Germans who settled in Ukraine were repressed.

War

Deportation during the war years was more active and cruel. At that time, a huge number of nations were evicted, among them Kurds, Crimean gypsies, Pontic Greeks, Nogais, etc. All of them were repressed due to collaborationism. Due to the alleged cooperation of these nationalities with the aggressor country and its allies, people were deprived of their autonomies, homes and families. The deportation of peoples to the USSR, whose table is historically replenished with new nations, ruined the lives of more than 60 nationalities. In the table, those nationalities that suffered the most.

Number of deported residents (thousand people)

Time	Germans	Crimean	Chechens	Ingush	Karachays	Kalmyks	Balkars
Autumn 1941	1193
Autumn 1943					137
Winter 1944			731	174		192
Spring 1944		190					108
Spring-autumn 1945		151	328	77	121	79	33
1946-1948	999	295	608	154	115	150	63
Summer 1949	1078	295	576	159	115	153	64
1950	2175	300	582	160	118	154	63
1953-1989	9870	1227	3381	852	606	722	325

As history shows, there could be many reasons for such behavior of the Soviet Union. These are conflicts between the country and nations, this is Stalin's personal whim, geopolitical considerations, all sorts of prejudices, etc. Let's try to consider how the deportation of individual peoples of the USSR took place and how repressions influenced the fate of people.

Chechens and Ingush

So, as historical documents show, these people were evicted due to tactical exercises. This was due to the fact that the presence of bandit groups in the mountains was assumed. On the one hand, this state of affairs was justified. In the mountains then it was possible to observe bandit elements trying to overthrow the Soviet regime. On the other hand, these forces were so few that they could not do anything.

Nevertheless, since 1944, people began to be transported to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. As usual, many people died during the resettlement. Those who survived were left simply in the steppe. Students were sent to the lands abandoned by the Chechens and Ingush, who were supposed to support livestock and other households.

It is worth noting that researchers have repeatedly assured that accusations of Chechen support for the Germans are not justified. This is due to the fact that not a single German soldier was seen in this republic, and cooperation and entry into the ranks of the fascist detachments could not occur, since there was no mobilization in this area.

As mentioned earlier, the Chechens with the Ingush fell under the "hot hand" only because they always fought for their independence and tried to oppose the Soviet regime.

Germans

It is probably obvious that the first to be repressed during the Great Patriotic War were the Germans. Already in 1941, a decree was issued, according to which, it was necessary to “destroy” the Autonomous Republic of the Volga region, which this nation inhabited. In just two days, a mass of people was sent to Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Altai and the Urals. Their number reached 360 thousand people.

The reason for such repressions was the emergence of information about future espionage and sabotage, which should have begun immediately after Hitler gave the signal. However, as history and found documents show, there was no reason to believe that these events would occur. These rumors were only an excuse to evict the German people.

Those Germans who were mobilized into the army were recalled from there. Men over the age of 17 were drafted into work columns the very next year. There they worked hard in the factory, logging and mines. The same fate befell those peoples whose historical homelands were Hitler's allies. Already after the war, expelled, they tried to return home, but in 1947 they were again deported.

Karachays

Karachays suffered from repression already in 1943. At the beginning of the Second World War, their number was slightly more than 70 thousand people. For a whole year their territory was under the control of the German occupation. But after their release, people could not find peace.

In 1943, they were accused of collaborating with the German troops, whom the Karachays helped, showed the way and hid from the Red Army. To expel this nation to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, it was necessary to use the military, a total of 53 thousand. As a result, more than 69 thousand Karachais were taken out of their native land. During the transport, 600 people died. Half of the repressed consisted of children under 16 years old.

Those who at that time served in the Red Army were deported in 1944 after demobilization.

Kalmyks

The Kalmyks suffered the same misfortune as the Karachays. At the end of 1943, a decree was issued that provided for the eviction of this nation. The reason for their expulsion was the opposition to the government of the USSR, the refusal to help the Red Army in the national conflict. The main event in these repressions was the operation "Ulus", which was carried out by the Soviet military.

At the first stage, more than 93 thousand Kalmyks were liquidated. Among them there were 700 bandits and those who actively collaborated with the Germans. A month later, another 1,000 people were evicted. More than 50% of Kalmyks settled in. Due to the fact that the deportation took place in December / January, many residents died during transportation.

Those who represented this nation, who had already served for the benefit of the Red Army, were called from the fronts and educational institutions. Moreover, at first they were distributed among different military districts, and then they were dismissed from service. Still, there is historical evidence that the Kalmyks still remained in the army and served in the USSR.

Crimean Tatars

Over time, the counteroffensive of the Red Army began, followed by the liberation of regions and cities. At the same time, Stalin did not calm down and continued to evict nation after nation from their native lands. So, after the expulsion of the Germans from the Crimean lands, the repression of the Tatars began.

According to the documents found, it turned out that the reason for the resettlement lies in desertion. According to Beria, more than 20 thousand people of this nationality became traitors to the Red Army. Part decided to move to Germany. The other part remained in the Crimea. Here they were arrested, and during the search they found a huge amount of weapons.

The USSR at that time feared the influence of Turkey on this situation. It was there that many Tatars lived before the war, and some of them remained there until then. Therefore, family ties could disturb the peace of civilians, and the presence of weapons would lead to uprisings and other unrest. These doubts of the Soviet authorities were also connected with the fact that Germany tried in every possible way to persuade Turkey to join the union.

The deportation lasted about two days. For repression sent 32,000 soldiers. The Crimean Tatars were obliged to pack their things in a few minutes and go to the station. If a person did not want to leave the house or could not walk, he was shot. As usual, many of the repressed died on the way due to lack of food, medical care and the most difficult conditions.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR during the Second World War took place monthly. Azerbaijanis who lived in Georgia also fell under repression. They were sent to the Borchala region and Karayaz region. The result of this tragedy was that only 31 families remained in the area. Armenians were evicted from their native lands in 1944. In the same year, the Meskhetian Turks, Greeks, Turks and Kurds were repressed.

Results of the tragedy

As a result, the deportation of peoples to the USSR led to terrible results that remained forever in the heart of every inhabitant of the repressed nation. According to historical data, the number of Germans who were subjected to forced resettlement reached almost 950 thousand people. The total number of deported Chechens, Balkars, Ingush and Karachays was 608,000. Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians were deported in the amount of 228 thousand.

To settle down in the new territory, the settlers had to go through many difficulties. Mortality among these peoples increased several times, during the years of deportation, an average of a quarter of the nation perished.

It is also worth noting the attitude of residents towards the deportees. Some perceived this event with understanding, while others, on the contrary, considered the repressed outcasts and despised them. This state of affairs led to aggression on the part of the victims of these events. So, many were opposed to the Soviet regime and tried to organize unrest in society.

Violent Consequences

Naturally, the deportation of peoples to the USSR was a terrible tragedy. Causes, conditions, results and consequences were negative. Much effort was devoted to repression, instead of fighting the Nazis. A huge amount of equipment and military was involved in the deportation, although they were not enough at the front. Statistics show that more than 220,000 soldiers worked on resettlement. Almost 100 thousand employees of various law enforcement agencies cooperated with them.

In addition, the repressions frightened the rest of the nationalities, who were sure that they would soon come for them. So, Estonians, Ukrainians and Karelians could fall under the “hot hand”. The Kyrgyz also feared the loss of their native land, as there were rumors that all the natives would be replaced by settlers.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences led to the fact that all the boundaries of nationality were completely erased. Due to the fact that the settlers found themselves in an environment unaccustomed to them, the natives mixed with the repressed. National-territorial formations were liquidated. The repressions left a huge imprint on the way of life of the settlers, on their culture and traditions.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences have led to the fact that now many peoples are fighting among themselves, they are not able to divide the land. It is important to understand that many reasons for this process were not justified. It cannot be argued that the Soviet government made fair decisions that would have helped during the Second World War. Some nations paid the price for their opposition to power, while the Germans fell victim to revenge because of Hitler and his aggression.

Replenishment of Kazakhstan

Astana, too, at one time became a place that "sheltered" migrants. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan began long before the war. A huge number of deportees arrived on the territory of the republic, back in 1931 there were about 190 thousand of them. Six years later, settlers again arrived here, there were almost twice as many of them, 360 thousand. So Kazakhstan became the place of residence of the victims of repressions.

Many of those who arrived here for permanent residence, got a job as workers at industrial enterprises and state farms. They had to live in barracks, yurts and makeshift buildings in the open.

Ukrainians came here in the 19th century. In the pre-war period, there were even more of them. After the war, the number of Ukrainians was more than 100 thousand inhabitants. Among the deported were kulak families and OUN members. By the beginning of the 50s, those who had been released from the Karlag began to arrive in Kazakhstan.

The Korean deportees, who were brought from the Far East in 1937, also went here. The Poles also arrived in Kazakhstan, who were sent here because of the threat of a world war, just in time for the end of the 30s. With the beginning of World War II, even more representatives of this nation arrived in Astana.

After the war, a huge number of immigrants continued to migrate to the area. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan led to the fact that all nationalities living in the territory of the Soviet Union found themselves on the territory of this republic. Already in 1946, another 100 thousand victims of repression were added, which in total amounted to about 500 thousand deportees.

Many of the resettled people tried to leave the place of their new life, which was considered an escape and a violation of criminal law. Once every three days they had to report to the NKVD about any important events that would relate to the number.

The main purpose of the resettlement was considered eternal residence in a foreign territory. In order to fulfill such a plan, the Soviet authorities tried to implement harsh sanctions against violators. If someone tried to escape from the territory of the settlement, he was assigned up to twenty years of hard labor.

The assistants of these people also faced retribution - imprisonment for up to 5 years. The main task of the Soviet government was to restrict the repressed in their desire and attempts to get to their homeland.

According to recent studies, over the entire period of deportation, one million immigrants arrived in Kazakhstan. Already in the mid-50s, 2 million strangers lived here.

For what?

For several years, the deportation of peoples to the USSR took place. Photos of those events to this day reflect the rigidity of the authorities. The destinies of people were crippled, and time did not go in favor. Each of them dreamed of returning home in order to restore the former order of life. People tried to find their home, their family and their happiness.

The Soviet Union tried to eliminate not just entire peoples, but also their lands, languages, cultures and traditions. If all this is taken away from a person, then he will become an obedient slave of totalitarian politics. The deported people received severe mental and physical injuries. They were hungry and sick, they tried to find their home and rest.

After Stalin's death, the situation began to change, a policy of rehabilitation was carried out in relation to the settlers, but it was no longer possible to improve the fate of people. Their fate and lives were irrevocably mangled and destroyed.

Deportation of peoples- a form of repression, a kind of instrument of national policy.

Soviet deportation policy began with the eviction of White Cossacks and large landowners in 1918-1925

The first victims of Soviet deportations were the Cossacks of the Terek region, who in 1920 were evicted from their homes and sent to other areas of the North Caucasus, to the Donbass, as well as to the Far North, and their land was transferred to the Ossetians. In 1921, Russians from Semirechie, evicted from the Turkestan region, became victims of the Soviet national policy.

By 1933, there were 5300 national village councils and 250 national districts in the country. Only in one Leningrad region there were 57 national village councils and 3 national regions (Karelian, Finnish and Veps). There were schools where teaching was conducted in national languages. In Leningrad in the early 1930s, newspapers were published in 40 languages, including Chinese. There were radio broadcasts in Finnish (About 130,000 Finns lived in Leningrad and the Leningrad region at that time).

From the mid-1930s, the former national policy began to be abandoned, expressed in the elimination of the cultural (and in some cases, political) autonomy of individual peoples and ethnic groups. In general, this took place against the background of the centralization of power in the country, the transition from territorial to sectoral administration, and repressions against real and potential opposition.

In the mid-1930s, many Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Finns and Germans were first arrested in Leningrad. Since the spring of 1935, on the basis of a secret order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs G. G. Yagoda dated March 25, 1935, local residents were forcibly evicted from the border regions in the north-west, most of whom were Ingrian Finns.

15 thousand families of people of Polish and German nationalities (about 65 thousand people) were evicted from Ukraine, territories adjacent to the Polish border, to the North Kazakhstan and Karaganda regions. In September 1937, on the basis of the joint resolution of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 1428-326 "On the eviction of the Korean population from the border regions of the Far East Territory", signed by Stalin and Molotov, 172 thousand ethnic Koreans were evicted from the border regions of the Far East. The expulsion of certain nations from the frontier territories is sometimes associated with military preparations.

From the end of 1937, all national districts and village councils outside the titular republics and regions were gradually liquidated. Also, outside the autonomies, the teaching and publication of literature in national languages ​​was curtailed.

Deportations during the Great Patriotic War

In 1943-1944. mass deportations of Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Karachays, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, Nogais, Meskhetian Turks, Pontic Greeks, Bulgarians, Crimean Gypsies, Kurds were carried out - mainly on charges of collaborationism, extended to the entire people. The autonomies of these peoples were liquidated (if they existed). In total, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, peoples and groups of the population of 61 nationalities were resettled.

Deportation of the Germans

On August 28, 1941, the Autonomous Republic of Volga Germans was liquidated by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 367,000 Germans were deported to the east (two days were allotted for collection): to the Komi Republic, to the Urals, to Kazakhstan, Siberia and Altai. Partially, the Germans were withdrawn from the active army. In 1942, the mobilization of Soviet Germans from the age of 17 into work columns began. The mobilized Germans built factories, worked in logging and mines.

Representatives of peoples whose countries were part of the Nazi coalition (Hungarians, Bulgarians, many Finns) were also deported.

Based on the decision of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front on March 20, 1942, about 40 thousand Germans and Finns were deported from the frontline zone in March-April 1942.

Those who returned home after the war were again deported in 1947-1948.

Deportation of Karachays

According to the 1939 census, 70,301 Karachays lived on the territory of the Karachay Autonomous District. From the beginning of August 1942 until the end of January 1943 it was under German occupation.

On October 12, 1943, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, and on October 14, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR stopped the deportation of Karachais from the Karachaev Autonomous Region to the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR. These documents explained the reasons for the eviction.

For the forceful support of the deportation of the Karachay population, military formations with a total number of 53,327 people were involved, and on November 2, the deportation of Karachays took place, as a result of which 69,267 Karachays were deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Deportation of the Kalmyks

In early August 1942, most of the uluses of Kalmykia were occupied and the territory of Kalmykia was liberated only at the beginning of 1943.

On December 27, 1943, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, and on December 28, the decision of the Council of People's Commissars signed by V.M. Krasnoyarsk Territory, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions. The operation to evict the Kalmyk population, code-named "Ulus", involved 2,975 NKVD officers, as well as the 3rd motorized rifle regiment of the NKVD, and the head of the NKVD for the Ivanovo region, Major General Markeev, was in charge of the operation.

Deportation of Chechens and Ingush

On January 29, 1944, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Lavrenty Beria, approved the "Instruction on the procedure for the eviction of Chechens and Ingush", and on January 31, a resolution of the State Defense Committee on the deportation of Chechens and Ingush to the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR was issued. On February 20, together with I. A. Serov, B. Z. Kobulov and S. S. Mamulov, Beria arrived in Grozny and personally led the operation, which involved up to 19 thousand operatives of the NKVD, the NKGB and SMERSH, and also about 100 thousand officers and fighters of the NKVD troops drawn from all over the country to participate in "exercises in the highlands." On February 21, he issued an order to the NKVD on the deportation of the Chechen-Ingush population. The next day, he met with the leadership of the republic and the highest spiritual leaders, warned them about the operation and offered to carry out the necessary work among the population, and the eviction operation began the next morning.

The deportation and dispatch of trains to their destinations began on February 23, 1944 at 02:00 local time and ended on March 9, 1944. The operation began with the code word "Panther", which was broadcast over the radio. The deportation was accompanied by a few attempts to escape to the mountains or insubordination on the part of the local population.

According to official figures, 780 people were killed during the operation, 2016 "anti-Soviet elements" were arrested, and more than 20,000 firearms were seized, including 4,868 rifles, 479 machine guns and machine guns. 6544 people managed to hide in the mountains.

Deportation of the Balkars

On February 24, 1944, Beria suggested to Stalin that the Balkars be evicted, and on February 26, he issued an order to the NKVD "On measures to evict the Balkar population from the Design Bureau of the ASSR." The day before, Beria, Serov and Kobulov held a meeting with the secretary of the Kabardino-Balkarian regional party committee, Zuber Kumekhov, during which it was planned to visit the Elbrus region in early March. On March 2, Beria, accompanied by Kobulov and Mamulov, traveled to the Elbrus region, informing Kumekhov of his intention to evict the Balkars and transfer their lands to Georgia so that it could have a defensive line on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. On March 5, the State Defense Committee issued a resolution on eviction from the Design Bureau of the ASSR, and on March 8-9, the operation began. On March 11, Beria reported to Stalin that “37,103 people were evicted from Balkars”

Deportation of the Crimean Tatars

In total, 228,543 people were evicted from Crimea, 191,014 of them were Crimean Tatars (more than 47,000 families). From every third adult Crimean Tatar they took a subscription stating that he had familiarized himself with the decision, and that 20 years of hard labor were threatened for escaping from the place of special settlement, as for a criminal offense.

Deportations of Azerbaijanis

In the spring of 1944, forced resettlements were carried out in Georgia. At the end of March, 608 Kurdish and Azerbaijani families numbering 3240 people - residents of Tbilisi, “those who arbitrarily left work in agriculture and came to live in Tbilisi”, were resettled inside the Georgian SSR, in the Tsalka, Borchala and Karayaz regions. Only 31 families of servicemen, war invalids, teachers and university students were left in the city. In accordance with GKO resolution No. 6279ss of July 31 of the same year, Meskhetian Turks, Kurds, Hemshils and others were evicted from the border regions of the Georgian SSR, and the "other" sub-contingent consisted mainly of Azerbaijanis. In March 1949, the number of Azerbaijani special settlers evicted from the republic was 24,304 people, who during 1954-1956. were actually removed from the register of special settlements.

In 1948-1953. Azerbaijanis living in Armenia were resettled. In 1947, the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Armenian SSR, Grigory Arutinov, achieved the adoption by the Council of Ministers of the USSR of a resolution “On the resettlement of collective farmers and other Azerbaijani population from the Armenian SSR to the Kura-Araks lowland of the Azerbaijan SSR”, as a result of which up to 100,000 Azerbaijanis were resettled “on a voluntary basis” ”(and in fact - repatriation) to Azerbaijan. 10,000 people were resettled in 1948, 40,000 in 1949, 50,000 in 1950.

Deportation of Meskhetian Turks

He noted that “The NKVD of the USSR considers it expedient to overpower 16,700 farms of Turks, Kurds, Hemshins from Akhaltsikhe, Akhalkalaki, Adigen, Aspindza, Bogdanovsky districts, some village councils of the Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”. On July 31, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution (No. 6279, “top secret”) on the deportation of 45,516 Meskhetian Turks from the Georgian SSR to the Kazakh, Kirghiz and Uzbek SSRs, as noted in the documents of the Department of Special Settlements of the NKVD of the USSR. The entire operation, on the orders of Beria, was led by A. Kobulov and the Georgian People's Commissars for State Security Rapava and Internal Affairs Karanadze, and only 4 thousand NKVD operational officers were allocated for its implementation.

The position of the deported peoples

In 1948, a decree was adopted prohibiting the Germans, as well as other deported peoples (Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Finns, etc.) from leaving the areas of deportation and returning to their homeland. Those who violated this decree were sentenced to camp labor for 20 years.

Rehabilitation

In 1957-1958, the national autonomies of the Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Karachais, and Balkars were restored; these peoples were allowed to return to their historical territories. The return of the repressed peoples was carried out not without difficulties, which both then and subsequently led to national conflicts (thus, clashes began between the returning Chechens and the Russians settled during their exile in the Grozny region; Ingush in the Prigorodny district inhabited by Ossetians and transferred to the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

However, a significant part of the repressed peoples (Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, Greeks, Koreans, etc.) and at that time neither national autonomies (if any) nor the right to return to their historical homeland were returned.

On August 28, 1964, that is, 23 years after the start of the deportation, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR canceled the restrictive acts against the deported German population, and the decree that completely removed the restrictions on freedom of movement and confirmed the right of the Germans to return to the places from which they were expelled , was adopted in 1972.

On November 14, 1989, by the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, all repressed peoples were rehabilitated, repressive acts against them at the state level were recognized as illegal and criminal in the form of a policy of slander, genocide, forced resettlement, the abolition of national-state formations, the establishment of a regime of terror and violence in places of special settlements.

In 1991, the Law on the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples was adopted, which recognized the deportation of peoples as a "policy of slander and genocide" (Article 2).

Fifteen years after recognition in the USSR, in February 2004, the European Parliament also recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush in 1944 as an act of genocide.

organizations) on behalf of this organization and endowed in these respects with internal organizational and administrative powers and external representative powers.

Thus, the main difference between a public official and a private official, from our point of view, is that the former can only hold a position in a state or municipal organization and, at the same time, is endowed with external powers in relation to organizational entities not subordinate to him, but the second can be an executive in both a non-state and non-municipal organization and, at the same time, is not endowed with external powers in relation to organizational entities that are not subordinate to him.

It is this approach to understanding an official that will, in our opinion, ensure uniformity in the legislative definition of the place and legal status of an official as a special subject of relations regulated by various branches of public and private law.

Notes

1. See, for example: Yampolskaya, Ts. A. On an official in the Soviet state apparatus [Text] / Ts. A. Yampolskaya // Issues of Soviet administrative law. M.; L., 1949. S. 141; Petrov, G. I. Citizen and official in the Soviet state [Text] / G. I. Petrov // Vest. Le-ningr. university 1971. No. 23. S. 126; Kostyukov, A.N. Legal status of an official (Administrative and legal aspect) [Text]: author. dis. ... cand. legal Sciences / A. N. Kostyukov. L., 1988. S. 9.

2. See, for example: Kozlov, Yu. M. Administrative law [Text]: textbook / Yu. M. Kozlov. M.: Yurist, 2005. S. 328;

3. See, for example: Starilov, Yu. N. The course of general administrative law [Text] / Yu. N. Starilov. M.: Norma, 2002. T. 2. S. 103-104.

4. See, in particular: Kononov, P. I. Administrative responsibility of officials [Text]: author. dis. . cand. legal Sciences / P. I. Kononov. M., 1994. S. 16.

5. See: Starilov, Yu. N. Service law [Text] / Yu. N. Starilov. M.: Beck, 1996. S. 379.

6. See: Kononov, P. I. Administrative law. General part [Text]: lecture course / P. I. Kononov. Kirov, 2002. S. 62-63.

I. V. Berdinsky

DEPORTATIONS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE USSR DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

Based on a wide range of sources, the article examines both the mechanism of forcible deportation of a number of ethnic groups (Russian Germans, Balts, peoples of the Caucasus, Crimean Tatars), and the features of the system of special settlements in the Russian North during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

Forced deportations as a measure of state coercion were used by the Soviet authorities almost from the moment it was established in 1917-1918. It's about about political exile, i.e., such resettlements, during which punitive motives prevailed and which were carried out by state security agencies. The main group of the population affected by the resettlement in the 30s. XX century., were peasants. This period of political exile in the historical literature is characterized as "kulak exile". In the early 1940s The main sign and criterion for the deportation of the population in the Soviet Union was ethnic.

In fact, special resettlement is a form of forced deportation with a number of legal restrictions applied to the dispossessed. Formally, the special settlers were not deprived of their liberty, but in fact they were repressed, since they were the most seriously limited in their civil, labor, family rights.

The set of legal instruments for the implementation of the adopted political decisions was reduced by the country's leadership to the minimum. It was limited to secret directives of the Politburo (Presidium) of the Central Committee or decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) - CPSU, in accordance with which secret decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and decisions of the Government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were adopted. According to the same scheme, the liberation of the “punished” peoples was carried out (already in the post-Stalin period).

However, for certain ethnic groups and social categories, it was considered sufficient simply to decide the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers) of the USSR (an executive body) or even a decision of a completely unconstitutional body - the State Defense Committee (July 1941 - September 1945).

BERDINSKIH Ivan Viktorovich - post-graduate student of the Department of History and Local Lore of Vyatka State University © Berdinskikh I. V., 2006

Naturally, in these cases, the adoption of the documents was preceded by their discussion and approval in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. All this fit into the political logic of the then leadership of the country: in the conditions of secrecy and complete secrecy of mass repressions, “Soviet legality” was not required - even for camouflage.

The main executors of the actions (the NKVD, the NKGB and other power structures) obeyed only the personal will of the dictator, and the registration of this will with the “paper” of one or another state body was just a formality.

Individual decisions that determine the fate of specific people were made by extrajudicial bodies with gross violations of even formal Soviet procedural law.

The most important links in the chain of acts on deportations and special settlements were not the primary decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the country, not the initial decrees of the Government (Council of People's Commissars, the Council of Ministers), which launched the mechanism of repression, but the departmental normative documents that regulated this entire process (in its smallest details) before. in total - orders, directives, instructions and orders of the NKVD-MVD-MGB of the USSR.

The main feature of the legal normative documents adopted in the USSR and devoted to the situation of special settlers is that the law here was secondary: the legal justification for deportations followed the actual use of repression. First, the Poles, Crimean Tatars and other “punished” peoples were deported - and only later (after a few years) were they filed personal files ...

A typical example is the departmental act - order of the NKVD of the USSR 001158 "On measures to carry out the operation of the expulsion of Germans from the Republic of the Volga Germans, Saratov and Stalingrad regions" - dated August 27, 1941.

Under the legislative document on this matter - the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - is the date "August 28, 1941". That is, in this case (as in many others), the law-enforcement document preceded the law-establishing act of the legislature.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated January 8, 1945 No. 35 “On the legal status of special settlers” finally fixed the repressive mechanism of deportation practice that had already been debugged for 15 years. There were, of course, documents of this type before. But for the first time in many years, this resolution - and then only in the most general form, without detail - legally consolidated the realities of special settlements. A

after all, in fact, this document replaced the corresponding law and limited the civil rights of more than 2,000,000 people, and the list of such restrictions could be expanded to "unspecified limits."

A characteristic feature of political exile in the mid-twentieth century. is the presence of its own original system of special settlements. These were not prisons or colonies in the full sense of the word, but they were secure facilities specially designed for the residence and work of special settlers. Base element system of special settlements was a special settlement.

The special settlements were controlled by the commandant's offices of the OGPU (later - the NKVD-MVD-MGB), headed by commandants who had full power. If special settlers were sent to work in industry (to a large construction site, to a factory, mine, etc.), then a special settlement department was established at the corresponding enterprise, which disposed of this category of workers. At the same time, the settlers remained assigned to a certain special commandant's office - with all the duties that entailed for them.

Almost half of the special settlers during the war were Russian Germans. Meanwhile, Russia has long been their homeland. More than 100 German colonies on the lower Volga were created in the second half of the 18th century. after the well-known colonization manifestos of Catherine II (1762-1763), who invited foreigners to settle in Russia. Significant German settlements arose in the Ukraine, in the Crimea. In the Baltic States and St. Petersburg, the Germans lived from even more ancient times. Compact or scattered groups of Russian Germans were present in most Russian cities and played a very significant and positive role in its economy, culture, science, education and public administration.

The autonomous region (labor commune) of the Volga Germans was formed by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of October 19, 1918. Its appearance was in perfect harmony with the course proclaimed by the Soviet government for the development of national statehood among the peoples of Russia. This region included 4 counties of Samara and Saratov provinces. In 1922, its territory was enlarged at the expense of neighboring regions, and in 1924 the status of the autonomy increased: it was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans.

According to the 1939 USSR census, 366,685 Germans lived in this ASSR, making up 60.4% of the population of the republic. And in general, the German diaspora in the USSR was one of the largest and numbered 1,427,222 people. At the same time, about 400 thousand Germans lived in Ukraine, and about 700 thousand Germans lived in the RSFSR.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 2060-935 of August 12, 1941 planned to deport 480 thousand Germans from the Volga region. The order of the NKVD of August 27, 1941 determined the procedure for deportation, and the eviction was officially announced by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 28, 1941.

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 7, 1941, the Republic of the Volga Germans was actually liquidated, and its territories were transferred to the neighboring Saratov and Stalingrad regions.

At the same time, in September-October 1941, a whole series of similar resolutions of the State Defense Committee on the resettlement of Germans from Leningrad, Moscow, the Rostov Region, the Krasnodar Territory, the North Caucasus, the Zaporozhye, Stalin and Voroshilovograd Regions - and so on - transferred the deportation of Russian Germans to the direction of internal policy - the total eviction of all citizens of the USSR of German nationality.

There was no single order to deport all Russian Germans to the USSR at once, which aggravated the confusion of the situation and gave some part of the Germans during the war years the opportunity to remain at large. They were registered in special settlements after the war for several years.

In the autumn of 1941, by the appropriate order of the People's Commissariat of Defense, all Germans who served in the army were demobilized from the Red Army and sent to their relatives in a special settlement. By 1945, 33,625 demobilized Germans were registered as special settlements. Of these, 1,609 officers, 2,492 sergeants and 27,724 privates. Most of them came in 1942-1943. to the labor force. Apparently, some of the Germans who died from overwork in the labor army (in mines, logging, building factories, etc.) were not included in this figure.

The management of all Germans was bureaucratically streamlined only in 1944. On July 27, 1944, Deputy People's Commissar V. Chernyshov and the head of the department of special settlements of the NKVD of the USSR M. Kuznetsov turned to L. Beria with a proposal "to entrust the management of the Germans to the bodies of special settlements of the NKVD, created to manage those mobilized for work in the coal, oil and defense industries, as well as for the NKGB bodies that worked in the field of managing camps and construction sites of the NKVD of the USSR, for the operational-Chekist departments of the NKVD of the USSR.

At work places, the Germans were placed in special zones, often behind barbed wire, often in the Gulag camps of the NKVD of the USSR with armed guards. Life in the barracks, recruitment in formation and under escort, subordination to the NKVD ...

According to the report of the department of special settlements dated September 5, 1944, the following peoples were completely evicted during the war: Germans, Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Crimean Tatars - a total of 1,514 thousand people. By October 1, 1945, 2,230,500 people were in special settlements in the USSR.

In 1944-1945. special settlers settled in 6 union, 8 autonomous republics and 27 regions of the USSR. By 1946, most of them were in Kazakhstan (more than a third of the total number in the country), Uzbekistan (more than 81 thousand people), Krasnoyarsk Territory (more than 125 thousand people), Kyrgyzstan (more than 112 thousand people), Kemerovo region (more than 97 thousand people), Tomsk region. (more than 92 thousand people), Sverdlovsk region. (more than 89 thousand people), Altai Territory (more than 85 thousand people), Molotov region. (more than 84 thousand people). These are the data as of January 1, 1946. Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the Urals are the main regions for receiving deportees.

As of October 1, 1945, a little less than half of the special settlers were employed - 1,015,800 people. out of 2 230 500 people This is due to the fact that significant masses of old people, women, and children went into exile during the war years. The male working-age population is separated from families.

Slightly more than half of the able-bodied work in agriculture (594,500 people). Slightly less than half of the able-bodied are employed in industry (421,300 people). Recall that it was mainly agrarian peoples who were deported from the North Caucasus, Crimea, Kalmykia.

The only thing that was given to the special settlers in sufficient quantities and for everyone was land and vegetable gardens. In order not to die of hunger during the war years, they tried to grow grain and vegetables there.

During the resettlement, many families were torn apart. For 1944-1945. 31,209 scattered families were registered with the OSB. According to the report of the NKVD, most of them (27,810 families) managed to reunite.

Operational work was then carried out mainly by the newly created bodies of the NKGB. 13,061 special settlers were arrested and prosecuted; for escapes - 3,394 people. (Most of all Chechens and Ingush fled); for anti-Soviet agitation - 1,575 people, for treason and betrayal - 818 people; for banditry -566 people. and so on .

There are many worldwide examples of deportations or, in other words, forced migrations. Suffice it to recall the "resettlement" of Negro slaves from Africa to South and North America, about the millions of people driven to forced labor in Nazi Germany from the occupied countries, about the Facing the Village campaign in Maoist China. Another thing is that the mechanism and methods for conducting such large-

large-scale actions varied everywhere - from quite civilized (eviction of the Japanese from the United States), with the payment of compensation, to inhumane and barbaric in their execution - the deportation of Koreans by the Japanese. The Soviet Union made its contribution precisely to the negative world experience. In the 1930s - early 1950s. the practice of deporting large masses of people to the USSR has become a common occurrence. Mass evictions have become one of the important components of solving many problems of a political, economic, social and interethnic nature. The mass eviction of legally innocent people was justified by "state interests" and "the interests of the working people."

The rapid curtailment of the special settlement system in 1954-1950. makes us talk about its deep crisis at that time. Firstly, the period of new deportations has ended, which is associated with the death of the head of state - I. Stalin, who, in fact, arbitrarily initiated in the early 30s, and then constantly developed the system of political exile in the USSR.

Secondly, under the current political conditions, it was not so easy to ignore the principle of legality and continue to maintain the de facto regime of deprivation of liberty for millions of people in the absence of both judicial verdicts and lawful legislative decisions. So the almost complete abolition of special settlements in the late 1950s. meant, among other things, the approach of Soviet society to certain civilizational forms of being, achieved by progressive mankind by the middle of the 20th century.

Thirdly, the economic and demographic damage inflicted on the state and society by the institution of political exile has become quite obvious.

This damage has largely not been overcome to this day. Throughout the former Soviet Union in the early 90s. Ethnic conflicts flared up again, caused, among other things, by the movement of peoples in the middle of the 20th century. Suffice it to recall a series of conflicts in the North Caucasus or the problem of the Crimean Tatars in Ukraine.

On November 14, 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Declaration "On the Recognition as Illegal and Criminal of Repressive Acts against Peoples Subjected to Forcible Resettlement and Ensuring Their Rights." The Declaration stated: "... The Supreme Soviet of the USSR unconditionally condemns the practice of forcible resettlement of entire peoples as a grave crime, contrary to the foundations of international law."

Thus, mass forced resettlement of people and unlawful restrictions on their rights and freedoms during the Great Patriotic War were officially recognized as criminal.

Notes

1. Zemskov, V. N. Special settlers in the USSR [Text] / V. N. Zemskov // RAS. M.: Nauka, 2003. S. 15.

2. Kokurin, A. I. Special settlers in the USSR [Text] / A. I. Kokurin // Domestic archives. 1993. No. 5. S. 101.

3. Database of the Memorial Foundation [Electronic resource] // http://www.memo.ru

5. L. Beria - I. Stalin "According to your instructions.". Documents, facts, comments [Text] / comp. N. F. Bugay. M., 1995. S. 151.

6. Database "Memory of lawlessness" [Electronic resource] // htpp://www.sakharov-center.ru

7. Zemskov, V. N. Decree. op. S. 205.

8. Polyan, P. History and geography of forced migrations in the USSR [Text] / P. Polyan. M.: Memorial, 2003. S. 154.

A. A. Kalinin

ACTIVITIES OF THE BRITISH AND AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE IN GREECE in 1942-1944.

The article examines the activities of the British and American intelligence services in occupied Greece, their interaction with the resistance movement, explores the cooperation between the intelligence services of the two countries and the emergence of disagreements.

The military alliance of Great Britain and the United States during the Second World War led to the beginning of broad cooperation between British and American intelligence services. By a series of agreements and agreements, Great Britain and the United States were united in the closest intelligence alliance. However, as David Stafford, an expert on the problem, rightly notes, cooperation was also marked by the presence of no small amount of mistrust. British intelligence, with the support of W. Churchill, made every effort to maintain Britain's hegemony in such key regions as the Balkans, the Near and Middle East, and Southeast Asia. At the same time, the United States was determined to prevent this. At the same time, both military leaders (F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill) avoided open conflicts. The example of Greece in this regard is very indicative: a country located at the junction of the Balkan and Mediterranean regions,

KALININ Alexander Alexandrovich - PhD student

Chapters of the World History of Vyatka State University Kalinin A. A., 2006

We continue to explore and analyze the events of the 20th century. Hundreds of thousands of people who lost their homes, jobs, money, and often loved ones - such were the results of the deportation of the peoples that made up the "friendly family" of the USSR. This topic is still poorly understood, but it worries historians and representatives of deported peoples. And although it is very difficult to reach a consensus when discussing this issue, the guests of the VM network broadcast tried to figure out why this happened. It is difficult to open this page in the history of the USSR: there are too many blank spots, ambiguities, dramas, and sometimes even reasons for inciting passions today. The total deportation of representatives of ten nationalities is considered a historical fact, but in reality, many more nationalities suffered in one way or another. The general results of what happened are also known: the deportation deprived seven peoples of national autonomy, the resettlement was carried out with extreme speed and cruelty, and, in addition to the directly deported, a huge number of ethnic groups were tangentially affected. The very fact of the deportation, as well as the violations of human rights committed in its process, were recognized only in 1991. But on the question of the reasons for the deportation, there is no agreement among historians and experts.

OFFICIAL VERSION

As a rule, deportation is associated with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and explained by security requirements: some deported peoples were accused of disloyal attitude towards the Soviet government and readiness to cooperate with the occupiers. Candidate of Historical Sciences, publicist Yuri Yemelyanov is sure that the war was the reason for the indiscriminate and, he emphasizes, lawless deportation:

She simply set in motion long-established mechanisms. But this happened not only with us. On the threshold of the war, the world was suspicious, in this situation, any person, at least something different from the titular nation, could be suspected of working for the enemy. Tens of thousands of foreigners were interned in France, and all blue-eyed and blond automatically fell under suspicion. As a potential accomplice of Hitler, even the writer Lion Feuchtwanger went to jail, about which he wrote an amazing book “Hell in France”, little known to anyone ...

The historian urges: let's not forget that in England about 60,000 people were detained on the same occasion, and in the USA - about 120 thousand immigrants from Japan - no matter what generation (of which 62 percent were US citizens at the time of internment) ) ended up in concentration camps.

The decree on the resettlement of Germans from the Volga region was issued in September 1941, - recalls Yuri Vasilyevich, - and was already completely conditioned by the logic of the war.

However, Yuriy Yemelyanov subtly notes that, nevertheless, there were details and differences in the justification for the deportation of each of the peoples. The territory of Chechnya, for example, was not occupied, but the facts of the alleged desertion of Chechens from the army were cited.

In addition, they were charged with the impossibility of creating a Chechen division, - the historian notes. - How it actually happened is another question, but there were talks about it. The same thing happened with regard to the Ingush ...

Yemelyanov is sure that whatever one may say, the cruelty of the war and the psychology of those who fought, who were not ready to forgive collaborationism in any of its manifestations, are at the heart of what happened.

But we still had rehabilitation, - the historian emphasizes. - And in the USA there was nothing of the kind, just as there was no rehabilitation in England.

And all this is true. But only here it all began not in the war, but long before it ...

FIRST WAVE

The Soviet state was barely a year old when it showed "integrity of character." Beginning in 1918, for more than seven years, the Soviet Republic tried to evict the Cossacks and owners of large land plots from the Terek region. They were transported either to other regions of the North Caucasus, or to the Donbass, and their land plots were transferred to future victims of deportation - the Chechens and Ingush.

In 1921, for cooperation with Ataman Dutov in 1918–1920, a similar fate befell the Semirechye Cossacks (part of the Cossacks went to China in 1920). In the 1930s, Latvians and Estonians, Germans, Poles, Finns and Lithuanians, Ingrian Finns, and Poles and Germans who settled there were massively interned in Leningrad. Alexander Guryanov, head of the Polish program of the Memorial Society in Moscow, remarked:

The history of Soviet deportations has four periods: it all began in the era of dispossession. In the 1930s alone, 2,300,000 Russian "kulaks" were forcibly evicted. Then there was the period of unleashing the Second World War, when the USSR actually remained an ally of Hitler and in part of the territories - in Poland, the Baltic states, in Northern Bukovina and in Bessarabia - a series of class-based deportations were carried out to ensure the Sovietization policy. Then there were preventive deportations during the war and post-war deportations. But it makes no sense to compare what happened in the USSR with the "experience" of the West - these are different stories. In total, more than five million people were displaced between 1930 and 1952, and some experts believe that we can talk about six million!

In addition, Alexander Guryanov notes, deportations can be conditionally divided into deportations of retaliation and intimidation. An example of the first is the eviction of the Tatars and some peoples of the Caucasus - after being accused of collaborating with the Germans. Deportations of intimidation were carried out with the aim of suppressing the national liberation movement - for example, this happened in Western Ukraine in 1944-1947 and in the Baltic states.

We also recall that Kurds, Crimean Gypsies, Nogais and Pontic Greeks were evicted on charges of collaborationism.

UNDER THE LAWS OF MILITARY TIME

At first glance, a paradoxical and even provocative position in the discussion about deportation was taken by Yuri Krupnov, chairman of the Development Movement and Observational Light of the Institute of Demography, Migration and Regional Development. According to him, the topic has been poorly studied: the figures cited by different sides are very different, and those who would like to get some political gesheft on this tragic topic, as Nikita Khrushchev managed to do in his time, sharply dislike the existing statistics. Well, the two available serious monographs on the topic were written by representatives of the peoples subjected to deportation, which a priori introduces subjectivity into the analysis.

But if we objectively look at the demographic data, we will understand that, paradoxically, the deportation united and consolidated peoples. It is impossible to talk about the positive aspects of the deportation, but we admit the obvious: the national idea of ​​returning to historical roots united!

As an example, Yuri Krupnov cited the Crimean Tatars. History does not know the subjunctive mood, but what would have happened if they had not been deported?

Of the 50,000 male Crimean Tatars, 10,000 served in the Nazi army. According to the laws of wartime, they would simply have been shot afterwards. And so a huge mass of people was resettled, but without looking for the guilty. So it turns out that, despite all the tragedy, the deportation saved the core of the people and preserved its demographic potential.

There can be no justification for this crime! What a “core” was saved by deportation if the Crimean Tatars simply disappeared! It must be admitted that this is a unique people - they were still able to create their own Majlis after the experience! Do you want to hear the reasons? They are on the surface. The quasi-state created in 1917 (USSR) was divorced from reality and incompatible with either its own people or the world as a whole. The transcendent cruelty of this state was manifested in everything: it even greeted its soldiers who were in captivity, not with flowers, but sent them to camps ...

Whatever the reasons for the violence, it will not cease to be violence ...

True, Chubais's opinion did not coincide with the opinion of Yuri Emelyanov, who was extremely indignant at what was said:

What are you speaking about? We defeated the regime that threatened the whole world with death, and won a terrible war. What kind of separation from reality can we talk about ?! Yes, mistakes were made. And very rude as well. But nobody canceled the logic of war.

What a pain the deportation was for the peoples, said the documentary filmmaker Khava Khazbiyeva. She recounted in detail the details of how the process took place:

In the case of the Ingush, Chechens and Crimean Tatars, everything was like a blueprint: they were accused of collaborating with the Nazis (although the front line passed outside the territory of Ingushetia and Chechnya). Men were separated from women and children. Women were given from 15 minutes to half an hour to get ready. Some families were lucky, they managed to connect before sending. But many then looked for each other for many years ...

THE "HIGHEST MEANING" OF VIOLENCE

Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Philosophical Anthropology of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University Fatima Albakova noted:

The deportation of the Caucasian peoples was connected with domestic politics, but also had a connection with foreign policy. The North Caucasus has always been a buffer for Russia, and not internal, but external. Hence its geopolitical significance, the drama of its fate, which played out during periods of socio-political cataclysms and international confrontations. As part of the USSR, the Caucasus initially experienced stability, but already during the Second World War, it fully objectified its status as an external buffer. The deportation of the Ingush, Chechens and Turkic-speaking peoples of the North Caucasus is one of the main evidences of this objectification.

Why is that? The expert explains: the repressed peoples became potentially dangerous as carriers of the pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic ideology, the threat of which was then recognized as probable.

The justification for the deportation was linked to accusations of collaborationism. The myth of a white horse with a golden bridle, which would be presented to Hitler, was replicated. But in fact, the scale of the collaborationism of the Caucasian peoples cannot be compared with the collaborationism that took place on the part of other peoples. It turns out that entire nations have paid for the geopolitical significance of the Caucasus.

SUMMING UP

What the deportation turned out to be for the peoples is known. But it also cost the regime a lot. According to some reports, more than 220 thousand soldiers worked for the resettlement, a huge amount of equipment - and this despite the fact that it was not enough at the front. The rest, not affected by the deportation of the nationality, also received their portion of intimidation: the Estonians and Karelians feared for their fate, and among the Kirghiz there was a steady rumor that they would soon be replaced by settlers. The deportation left a colossal imprint on the culture and traditions of the resettled peoples. There were also far-reaching consequences: even today, many territorial claims to each other by some peoples are not resolved.

Summing up, Igor Chubais stressed that an attempt to remove responsibility for those who died during the deportation from the state and write off everything on the "logic" of the war is unacceptable. This is an excuse for criminal practice.

The reason for these events is the wrong structure of the state, Igor Borisovich is sure. - Therefore, there are no clear answers why this or that people suffered.

According to Alexander Guryanov, this page of history can be turned over only after studying and analyzing what happened. Yuri Krupnov is sure of something else:

Only lovers of speculation, who do not love either our country or the peoples living in it, are interested in pedaling the history of deportations.

And Yuri Emelyanov noticed that one cannot live in the past. Remembering how the south of America raged for a century, and how they used their chance to stop, Yuri Vasilyevich, in essence, called for this.

■ The Kalmyks were deported in 1943. The reason is opposition to the government of the USSR. The main event is the operation "Ulus", at the first stage of which more than 93 thousand people suffered, only 700 of whom collaborated with the Germans.

■ Crimean Tatars were accused of desertion. The deportation was carried out in 2 days. The total number of affected Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians is 228 thousand.

6 million people, according to some historians, were deported (relocated) from 1930 to 1952.