Every day, several species of animals and plants disappear in the world. Unfortunately, not all is well with us. More than 3000 species of higher vascular plants grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, bryophytes, lichens and fungi are diverse.

Due to intensive economic development, many species of wild plants and fungi have practically disappeared.

498 species are included in the new edition of the list of rare, endangered, wild plants and fungi, including: 299 species of flowering plants, 2 species of gymnosperms, 24 ferns, 5 club mosses, 33 mosses, 18 liverworts, 53 lichens and 64 species of fungi .

The increase in the number of objects in need of protection is directly related to the inclusion in 2007 of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets and Evenki municipal districts in the united Krasnoyarsk Territory.

For ease of use, those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are presented.

Species of plants and animals that were simultaneously listed in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are already described in the main sections of the site, therefore it was advisable not to duplicate them in this section, they are presented in the lists as active links.

For those who care, for those who love their Earth, honor their ancestors and think about the future generation!

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The article provides an outline of the vegetation of the city of Krasnoyarsk, the nature of which is due to the location of the study area near the border of the forest-steppe and taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact. The main types of vegetation, classes of formations, groups of formations, formations and associations are identified and considered. The author shows that the main types of natural vegetation of the city are: forests, steppes, meadows, shrub and aquatic vegetation, swamps. In addition, synanthropic vegetation is widespread. For each type of vegetation and the main formations, the background species that dominate in a particular phytocenosis, as well as the codominants of the vegetation cover, are given. It is noted that the synanthropic flora of the city, which is a complex semi-natural system that changes qualitatively and quantitatively, ensures the maintenance of species richness and diversity of plant communities.

: Krasnoyarsk

vegetation

shrub vegetation

aquatic vegetation

synanthropic vegetation

formation

association.

1. Antipova, E.M., Vegetation classification of the northern forest-steppes of Central Siberia, Bot. research in Siberia. - Krasnoyarsk, 2004. - Issue. 12. – P. 8–13.

2. Geobotanical zoning of the USSR. T. 2. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947. - Issue. 2. - 150 s.

3. Dulepova B. I. Aquatic vegetation // Vegetation of Siberia (Prebaikalia and Transbaikalia). - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985. - S. 95–102.

4. Kuminova A. V. Vegetation cover of Khakassia. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1976. - 422 p.

5. Peshkova G. A. Vegetation of Siberia (Pre-Baikal and Trans-Baikal). - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985. - 144 p.

6. Takhtadzhyan A. L. Floristic regions of the Earth. - L.: Nauka, 1978. - 248 p.

7. Teryokhina T. A. Anthropogenic phytosystems. - Barnaul: Publishing House of AGU, 2000. - 250 p.

8. Cherepanov S. K. Vascular plants of Russia and neighboring states (within the former USSR). - St. Petersburg: World and family, 1995. - 992 p.

9. Cherepnin L. M. Vegetation cover of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the tasks of its study // Scientific notes of the Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical Institute. - 1956. - T. 5. - S. 3–43.

10. Cherepnin L. M. Flora of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. T. 1. - Krasnoyarsk: KSPI, 1957.

Introduction

In the system of floristic zoning, the city of Krasnoyarsk belongs to the Central Siberian province of the Circumboreal region of the Holarctic floristic kingdom, according to the "Geobotanical zoning of the USSR" the territory belongs to the Eurasian coniferous region, the European-Siberian subregion, the Central Siberian country, the Ural-Altai province. In accordance with the geobotanical zoning of the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the left-bank territory of the city borders on the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe region, and the right bank borders on the spurs of the Eastern Sayan.

The nature of the vegetation cover of the city of Krasnoyarsk is due to the location of its territory near the border of the forest-steppe and taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact. Also, the main factor determining the development of various types of vegetation is the climate, in particular the quantitative indicators of heat and moisture. Relief acts as a powerful transformer of all climatic factors; it determines the location of plant communities. A significant imprint on the patterns of vegetation distribution is imposed by the chemical composition of soil-forming rocks.

In connection with the expansion of secondary vegetation, synanthropization and degradation of vegetation in the city, urban vegetation is usually divided into cultivated (garden and park complexes, lawns) and spontaneous, which is represented by fragments of natural vegetation and synanthropic communities of ruderal plants.

The main types of natural vegetation of the city, in accordance with the classification adopted for the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khakassia, Transbaikalia, the northern forest-steppes of Central Siberia, are forests, steppes, meadows, shrub and aquatic vegetation, swamps.

The purpose of this article is to make a brief outline of the vegetation of the city of Krasnoyarsk on the basis of regional geobotanical classification systems and our own geobotanical descriptions.

Research methods and materials

To compile an essay on the vegetation of the city of Krasnoyarsk, regional geobotanical classification systems were used, made for the territory of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, work on the vegetation cover of Khakassia and nearby territories of the Angara region was taken into account. The generalization of aquatic vegetation was facilitated by the work of B. I. Dulepova, based on the differences in the life forms of higher aquatic plants. The syntaxa were identified as a result of processing their own geobotanical descriptions (174) and determining their own herbarium (more than 7000 sheets) during the periods of field work in the city. The nomenclature of species is given according to S.K. Cherepanov and the latest monographic processings.

Research results and discussion

Forests. Natural forest vegetation corresponds to zonal conditions and has been preserved on the outskirts of the city, inside some urban microdistricts, quarters and courtyards. The composition of forest-forming species is small. Forests form two species of birch (Betula pendula, B. pubescens), aspen (Populus tremula), larch (Larix sibirica), pine (Pinus sylvestris), fir (Abiessibirica). Light-coniferous and small-leaved forests are characterized by the greatest distribution.

Formations of light coniferous forests are formed by Pinussylvestris. Pine forests, forming pure single-species forest stands, have survived little. The main arrays of such forests are concentrated in Vetluzhanka, pos. Lucky and Akademgorodok. The vegetation cover of these communities is represented by the following species: Swidaalba, Padusavium, Rubusidaeus, Glechomahederacea, Anemonesylvestris, Atragenesibirica, Violauniflora, Carexmacroura, Trifoliumpratense, Monesesuniflora, Neottianthecucullata, Tephroserisintegrifolia, etc. The ground cover is dominated by mosses Abietinellaabientine, Plagiomn ium cuspidatum.

Sometimes Betulapendula takes a significant part in the composition of pine forests, less often - Abiessibirica. Associations of birch-pine forests are found in the area of ​​the State University (SFU), BSMP. The tree layer is dominated by Pinussylvestris with the participation of Betulapendula. In the undergrowth are common: Lonicera tatarica, Padus avium, Ribes atropurpureum, Spiraea chamaedryfolia. Herbage is represented by Alchemilla pachyphylla, Brunnera sibirica, Carex lanceolata, Equisetum pratense, Pimpinella saxifraga, Polygonatumodoratum, Pulmonaria mollis, Pyrola rotundifolia, Stellaria bungeana, etc.

Abiessibirica is very rare in the composition of pine forests in the city, forming associations of fir-pine forests with forb-grass-fern cover. Such communities are found in small areas in the area of ​​Udachny settlement.

The stand is dominated by Pinussylvestris with an admixture of Abiessibirica. The undergrowth consists of Salixdasyclados, Sorbussibirica. Ferns (Pteridium pinetorum, Athyriumfilix-femina), grasses (Milliumeffusum, Calamagrostisobtusata), forbs (Angelicasylvestris, Carexmacroura, Equisetumarvense, Lathyrusgmelinii, Veratrumnigrum, etc.) participate in the composition of the grass cover. The ecological conditions here are favorable for the development of a cover of Rhytidiadelphustriquetrus.

Small-leaved forests are represented by birch forest formations (from Betulapendula and B. pubescens). The forests that Betulapendula forms are located on flat areas and slopes. The following associations are quite characteristic: birch forest with forb-grass-sedge cover (Verkhnyaya Bazaikha, Akademgorodok, Studgorodok, State University district), birch forest with forb-bone cover (Solnechny microdistrict, BSMP), birch forest with forb-fern cover ( Vetluzhanka, Nikolaevskaya Sopka). The stand is dominated by Betulapendula. Common shrubs include: Crataegussanguinea, Malusbaccata, Ribesnigrum, Rosaacicularis, Sambucussibirica, etc. Forbs are represented in the herbage: Rubussaxatilis, Primulacortusoides, Plantagomedia, Lathyrushumilis, Pulsatillapatens, Trolliusasiaticus, Ranunculus propinquus, Carumcarvi, etc.; cereals: Stipapennata, Poapalustris, Milliumeffusum, Dactylisglomerata, Calamagrostisepigeios etc.; sedges: Carexmacroura; ferns: Pteridium pinetorum, Matteucciastruthiopteris.

Populustremula and Larixsibirica are found in birch forests. The following associations are formed. Aspen-birch forest with forb cover. Such an association is found in small areas in the district of the state university. Betulapendula takes a significant part in the composition of the forest stand, along with Populustremula. The shrubs Caraganaarborescens, Rosaacicularis, Spiraeamedia are very characteristic. The canopy of young trees of these species is pronounced. Herbs are represented by: Viola uniflora, Geum aleppicum, Plantago major, Asparagus officinalis, Primula macrocalyx, etc.

An insignificant area on the territory of the city is occupied by associations of larch-pine-birch forest with forb cover, noted in Vetluzhanka. The tree layer is formed by Betulapendula, Pinussylvestris with an admixture of Larixsibirica. The undergrowth is formed by: Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Crataegus sanguinea, Hippophae rhamnoides, Spiraea media. Herbage is represented by: Lathyrus humilis, Lupinaster pentaphyllus, Rubus saxatilis, Vicia unijuga, Thalictrum simplex, Bupleurum multinerve, Anthemis subtinctoria, Lilium martagon, Helictotrichon pubescens, Carex macroura, etc.

Associations of aspen-pine-birch forest with forb-bracken cover in small areas are noted in the area of ​​the Fruit and Berry Station. Forest-forming species are: Betulapendula, Pinussylvestris, to a lesser extent - Populustremula. In the undergrowth are abundant: Padus avium, Ribes nigrum, Sorbus sibirica, Swida alba. In the grass cover, the following are common: Maianthemum bifolium, Aquilegia sibirica, Moneses uniflora, Primula macrocalyx, etc. The background is represented by Pteridium pinetorum.

There are also swampy birch forests, occupying a small area and confined to damp, humid habitats in the Vetluzhanka region.

The main forest-forming species is Betula pubescens. Typical associations are a swampy birch forest with a bone-grass cover. The undergrowth is expressed and represented by: Ribeshispidulum, Salixtaraikensis, S. viminalis. The grass layer is dominated by: Rubussaxatilis, Phragmitesaustralis, Calamagrostislangsdorffii. Common herbs are: Equisetum palustre, Carexcespitosa, Impatiens noli-tangere, Ligularia sibirica, Saussurea parviflora, etc.

Steppes. The steppe vegetation within the city has been preserved mainly along rather steep southern and southeastern rubble slopes and is represented by meadow and real steppes. The most developed are meadow steppes, which are zonal in the forest-steppe regions of the region. Among them, formations of forb-cereal, forb, cotoneaster-meadowsweet shrub and cotoneaster-acacia shrub meadow steppes are common.

The grass base of the herbage communities of forb-grass meadow steppes is made up of: Stipapennata, Achnatherumsibiricum, Poatransbaicalica, Helictotrichondesertorum. Forbs are represented by species: Stellariacherleriae, Erucastrumarmoracioides, Galiumverum, Veronicaincana, Asteralpinus, Potentillabifurca, Goniolimonspeciosum, etc.

Communities of herbaceous meadow steppes are confined to the upper parts of the southern slopes or to small depressions in the real steppe. Representatives of herbs are edificators: Pulsatilla patens, P.turczaninovii, Veronica incana, Gypsophila patrinii, Artemisia commutata, Galatellaangustissima, Seselilibanotis, Delphinium grandiflorum, Hemerocallisminor, etc.

Shrubbed steppes are also found. Of the shrubs are common: Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Spiraeamedia, Caraganaarborescens and very rarely - Berberis vulgaris. In herbage, species of Liliumpumilum, Panzerinalanata, Astragalus versicolor, Leontopodium conglobatum, Youngia tenuifolia, Thalictrumacutilobum, Polygala sibirica, Thesiumrefractum, Schizonepetamultifida, etc. are common.

Real steppes play an insignificant role in the composition of the vegetation cover. Among them, coarse-turf and small-turf steppes are the most common; communities of stony and desert steppes are rare.

The formations of large-turf true steppes are characterized by a species composition with a significant participation of steppe grasses and forbs: Helictotrichonaltaicum, H. desertorum, Stipabaicalensis, Artemisia glauca, A.gmelinii, Gentianadecumbens, Allium ramosum, Oxytropis campanulata, etc.

Small sod grass steppes are characterized by the dominance of grasses in the herbage: Festuca ovina, Koeleria cristata, Poa botryoides, sedge: Carexduriuscula, C. pediformis, wormwood: Artemisia frigida, A. glauca, A. sericea. Among the forbs in the phytocenoses of small-turf grass steppes, the following were noted: Astragalusmiklaschewskii, Orobanchecoerulescens, Lychnissibirica, Steveniaincarnata, Potentilla bifurca, Galium verum, Veronica incana, Iris humilis, Scorzoneraaustriaca, Allium vodopjanovae, etc.

Under conditions of the most pronounced moisture deficit, there are small communities of desertified steppes developing on stony-rubbly dry slopes. The edificators of such communities are: Agropyroncristatum, Festucavalesiaca, Krascheninnikoviaceratoides, Thymusmongolicus, Artemisia frigida. Herbs are represented by: Veronicapinnata, Silenejenisseensis, Eritrichiumjenisseense, etc.

Stony steppes are not widespread within the city and are confined, as a rule, to the stony slopes of southern exposures with outcrops of bedrock. Their characteristic feature is the sparseness of the herbage and the absence of layering. Steppe petrophytic groups with Ephedramonosperma, E.pseudodistachya, Agropyroncristatum, Festucavalesiaca, Goniolimonspeciosum, Androsace incana, Alyssumobovatum, Erysimumaltaicum, Orostachysspinosa, Sedum aizoon, Potentillaacaulis, P. sericea, Hedysarumczaninovii, Onos are common here. magmelinii, Eritrichium pectinatum, Veronica pinnata, Thymusmongolicus, Artemisia gmelinii and etc.

Meadows. Meadow communities in the city are an integral part of the landscape. Currently, the area occupied by them is small. Meadows have been preserved on the outskirts of the city, along river valleys and islands of the river. Yenisei. The diversity of such communities is determined by the heterogeneous ecological conditions in which they form and exist.

Meadow vegetation is represented by subtypes of floodplain and valley and dry meadows, differing in height and density of herbage, in the composition of which grasses, sedges and forbs take a significant part. At the same time, various formations are formed: timothy (Phleum pratense) floodplain meadow, forb (Prunella vulgaris, Potentillaanserina, Rumexthyrsiflorus, Plantago major, Filipendula ulmaria, Aconogononalpinum, Rhinanthusvernalis, Lathyruspratensis, Ranunculus propinquus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Sanguisorba officin alis, etc.) floodplain meadow, sedge -grass polydominant (Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Alopecuruspratensis, Phalaroides arundinacea, Poa palustris, Carex cespitosa, C. curaica, C. songorica, etc.) swampy meadow, pike (Deschampsiacespitosa) swampy meadow, bent (Agrostis gigantea) solonchak meadow, barley (Hordeumbrevisubulatum ) solonchak meadow, forb (Melilotusdentatus, Plantago media, Anagallidium dichotomum, Taraxacum officinale, Carum carvi, Gentianamacrophylla, Gentianopsisbarbata, Cirsiumesculentum, etc.) saline meadow, Beckmannia (Beckmannia syzigachne) solonchak meadow, couch grass (Elytrigiarepens) upland meadow, forb (Sanguisorba officinalis , Anemonesylvestris, Equisetumarvense, Veronica longifolia, Phlomoides tuberosa, Geranium pratense, Polygonum aviculare, Hieracium umbellatum, Centaureascabiosa, etc.) dry meadow, forb steppe (Viciaamoena, Saussureacontroversa, Hemerocallis minor, Primula macrocalyx, Anemonastrum crinitum, Fra gariaviridis, Lotusucrainicus, Polygonum rurivagum , Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Alliumsenescens, Aconitumbarbatum, etc.) dry meadow, reed grass (Calamagrostisepigeios) steppe dry meadow, forb-grass (Helictotrichonpubescens, Poaangustifolia, Delphinium grandiflorum, Linumperenne, Pastinacasylvestris, Scabiosaochroleuca , Medicagofalcata, Campanula glomerata, Artemisia scoparia, Galiumverum and other) steppe dry meadow, grassy-forb (Potentillafragarioides, Lathyruspisiformis, Equisetumpratense, Trollius asiaticus, Vicia cracca, V. unijuga, Dactylisglomerata, Festucapratensis, etc.) forest meadow, tall grass (Delphinium elatum, Anthriscussylvestris, Tephroserisintegrifolia etc.) forest meadow.

Meadow areas that have been preserved inside some urban microdistricts are mostly anthropogenic and, therefore, are degrading. For such meadow communities characteristic: Erigeron politus, Urtica cannabina, Amoriahybrida, Androsace septentrionalis, Berteroa incana, Brassicacampestris, Camelina sativa, etc.

Swamps. Swamp vegetation has a limited distribution and is confined to the banks of rivers, channels, lakes, and ponds. Wetlands are also found on the islands of the river. Yenisei, where there is a constant excess moisture. All wetlands are of the eutrophic (lowland) type.

The most common are grass bogs with a well-developed herbage, edificators of which are sedges (Carex acuta, C. curaica, C. dichroa, C. dioica, C. rhynchophysa, C. songorica, C. vesicaria), cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and some cereals (Calamagrostislangsdorffii, Agrostis clavata, A. gigantea, Beckmannia syzigachne, Deschampsiacespitosa). Herbage also includes species of forbs - Caltha palustris, Ranunculus sceleratus, Filipendula ulmaria, Juncus gerardii, Myosotiscespitosa, Triglochin palustre, Siumlatifolium, Parnassiapalustris, Menthaarvensis, Bidens tripartita, Ligulariasibirica, etc.

Bog plant associations can be characterized by the predominance of any one plant species. In this case, monodominant communities are formed. Reed (Scirpus sylvaticus) and cattail (Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia) bogs are found on the territory of the city as examples of monodominant communities.

Shrub vegetation. Thickets of shrubs, although very common, occupy insignificant areas. On the one hand, they are confined to negative relief elements (hygromesophilic shrub communities) and are found along the banks of rivers, channels, on the islands of the river. Yenisei, and on the other hand, to forest edges, roadsides (mesophilic shrub communities) and steppe slopes (xeromesophilic shrub communities).

Xeromesophilic shrub communities are mostly characteristic of steep stony steppe slopes located in the areas of Kramz, Udachny settlement, Akademgorodok, Bazaikha. The main edificators of such communities are: Cotoneastermelanocarpus, Caraganaarborescens, Spiraeamedia, Berberis vulgaris is very rare. Herbage is formed from species common for stony and desert steppes: Festucavalesiaca, Krascheninnikoviaceratoides, Potentillaacaulis, Artemisia frigida, and more mesophilic species: Achnatherumsibiricum, Dianthus versicolor, Liliumpumilum, Astragalus versicolor, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, etc.

Mesophilic shrub communities form formations found on forest edges, clearings, and also along roadsides. Most of the species that form thickets grow under the forest canopy, but the most favorable conditions for their development are created in well-lit and moderately moist places. Thickets formed by Padusavium, Salixbebbiana, S. caprea, S. dasyclados, Spiraea media, Rosa acicularis, Rubus idaeus, Sorbaria sorbifolia, Sambucussibirica, Swida alba are common. The lower tier in the thickets is made up of meadow and forest species.

Hygromesophilic shrub communities are confined to habitats where conditions of sufficient flowing moisture are created: river banks, channels, islands of the river. Yenisei. Willows play a leading role in the formation of such thickets, forming mixed willow (Salixalba, S. jenisseensis, S. pentandra, S. taraikensis, S. viminalis, etc.) shrub communities. Extensive thickets are formed by bird cherry (Padus avium), along with willows (Salix viminalis, S. bebbiana, S. taraikensis) and poplars (Populusnigra, P. deltoides, P. laurifolia), forming willow-cherry and poplar-willow-cherry shrub thickets. Currant thickets from Ribes nigrum and Ribes hispidulum, sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides), apple trees (Malusbaccata) are also common.

The grass cover under the canopy of shrubs develops unevenly. Under the sparse canopy, the herbage is tall and dense. There are: Glechomahederacea, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus monophyllus, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Naumburgia thyrsiflora, Caltha palustris, Hylotelephiumtriphyllum, Lamium album, Poapalustris, etc. In case of strong shading, the grass cover develops poorly, the herbage is very sparse. In such conditions grow: Stellariabungeana, Adoxa moschatellina, etc. In drier places grow: Urtica dioica, Impatiens noli-tangere, Chelidoniummajus, Arctiumtomentosum, etc.

Aquatic vegetation. The mass development of higher aquatic vegetation is typical for the Yenisei, Kacha, Bazaikha rivers, channels, small lakes, ponds and oxbow lakes with a muddy bottom, located in various parts of the city (Tatyshev Island, Pashenny, Fruit and Berry Station, Vetluzhanka, Peschanka, Meat Processing Plant, etc. . Taimyr).

Among the true aquatic vegetation, four groups of formations have been distinguished.

Elodeid (submerged rooting) vegetation is dominant in all types of reservoirs. It is represented by widespread communities: uruti (Myriophyllum sibiricum, M. spicatum), pondweeds (Potamogeton berchtoldii, P. gramineus, P. lucens, P. perfoliatus, P. pusillus, etc.), and the alien American species Elodeacanadensis. Among other formations of elodeid vegetation, which are not widely distributed, but are typical for certain ecological conditions, one can note the swamp formation from Callitrichehermaphroditica and C. palustris, the silk formation from Batrachium circinatum, B. eradicatum, B. trichophyllum. Elodeid vegetation very often forms monodominant thickets, but mixed complex groups are also widespread.

Planktically lemnid (submerged non-rooting) vegetation is limited to three formations: hornwort (Ceratophyllumdemersum, C. oryzetorum), pemphigus (Utricularia vulgaris) and duckweed (Lemnatrisulca). Only communities from Ceratophyllum demersum are widespread among them. They are found in stagnant and low-flowing waters. Hornwort forms most often monodominant communities with limited participation of other species. Of the bidominant communities of the hornwort, the pemphigus-hornwort and pondweed-hornwort communities with the aquatic moss Fontinalisantipyretica are widespread.

Nymphaeid (rooting with floating leaves) vegetation is limited in its distribution and is represented by only a few formations: egg-pod (from Nupharpumila), water lily (from Nymphaeatetragona) and pondweed (from Potamogetongramineus). The area occupied by such communities is small.

Neustic-lemnid (free-floating on the surface) vegetation is limited in water bodies by Lemnaminor mats.

Aerial-aquatic vegetation is represented by communities of tall-herb helophytes: (Phragmitesaustralis, Scirpushippolyti, S. tabernaemontani, Glyceriatriflora), short-herb helophytes (Scirpusradicans, Equisetumfluviatile, Eleocharis mamillata, Alisma gramineum, Sparganiumemersum, Petasitesradiatus, Butomusumbellatus) and ground helophytes (Eleocharis acicularis, Limosellaaquatica, Scirpussupinus ).

synanthropic vegetation. Landscaping, development of urban areas, accompanied by disturbance of the surface layer of the soil, littering of the outskirts with construction debris, industrial waste disrupt natural ecotopes and create extremely diverse conditions suitable only for the formation of a synanthropic plant complex, in which synanthropic tree and shrub communities and herbaceous ruderal vegetation play an important role . The synanthropic flora of the city is a complex dynamic semi-natural system that is constantly changing qualitatively and quantitatively. Its most important and most stable component are woody and shrubby plants.

Synanthropic tree and shrub communities are formed from spontaneous communities dominated by Acernegundo, artificial forest plantations from: Larix sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, species of the genus Populus, Tiliacordata, T. sibirica, Ulmuspumila, shrub communities with Cerasustomentosa, Ribesaureum, R. diacantha, Rosarugosa, Loniceratatarica. Such communities are included in the system of urban green spaces, which are an important integral part cities and represented by parks, city gardens, squares, boulevards, forest belts.

Ruderal communities, which due to economic activity are widespread in the urban area, consist mainly of: Taraxacum officinale, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chelidonium majus, Euphorbia virgata, Thlaspi arvense, Vicia sepium, Leptopyrum fumarioides, Hyoscyamus niger, Solanumkitagawae, Plantago urvillei, Bromusarvensis, Melandriumalbum, Amaranthus blitoides, A. retroflexus, Elsholtziaciliata, Carduuscrispus, Elytrigiarepens, Brassicacampestris, Convolvulusarvensis, Sisymbrium loeselii, Velarumofficinale, Erodium cicutarium, Dracocephalum nutans, Scutellaria scordiifolia, etc., weed communities from : Chenopodium album, Ch. glaucum, Atriplexsagittata, Cannabis sativa, Artemisia sieversiana, A. vulgaris, monodominant communities from Polygonumaviculare, P. neglectum, cultivated weeds: Panicummilaceum, Fagopyrumtataricum, Anethumgraveolens, Hordeumsativum, Triticumaestivum, etc. As a rule, such communities are distributed along railway embankments, roadsides roads, in the territories of railway stations, parks, in large ruderal areas - dumps and wastelands, along river banks, flower beds, lawns, etc.

Undoubtedly, the distribution of weed species ensures the maintenance of species richness and diversity of plant communities. However, in some cases, these species are harmful and successfully compete with native species due to better adaptation to changing conditions.

Thus, the nature of natural vegetation within the city is due to the position between the forest-steppe and mountain-taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact.

Natural forest vegetation is represented by formations of pine and birch forests. The steppe vegetation is formed by meadow, real steppes and steppe petrophytic groups. Meadow vegetation is represented by formations of floodplain and upland meadows. Shrub and aquatic communities, swamps, as well as synanthropic areas of vegetation significantly complement the phytocenotic diversity of the urban environment. It should be noted that while areas of natural vegetation remain on the territory of the city, one can speak of the preservation of certain zonal features by the urban flora.

The work was supported by project 2012-1.4-12-000-4002-004.

Reviewers:

Antipova Ekaterina Mikhailovna, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Biology and Ecology of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V. P. Astafieva, Krasnoyarsk.

Terekhina Tatyana Alexandrovna, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Botany, Altai State University, Barnaul.

Bibliographic link

Ryabovol S. V. VEGETATION OF KRASNOYARSK // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2013. - No. 1.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=7582 (date of access: 01.02.2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History" a summary of other presentations

"Development of the culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Ensuring the safety of cultural heritage sites. Passport of the state program. Organization and holding of cultural events. Art and folk art. Target indicators and indicators of the program. Development of the infrastructure of the "Culture" industry. State program of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Performance of state functions. List of subroutines. Development in the Krasnoyarsk Territory of state and municipal programs for the development of culture.

"Theatres of Krasnoyarsk" - Achinsk Drama Theater. M.Yu. Lermontov. Musical comedy theater. Minusinsk Drama Theatre. Theater building. A.S. Pushkin. theatrical concepts. Test. In 1938 the building was restored. Krasnoyarsk Theater for Young Spectators (TYuZ). Theaters of Krasnoyarsk. Krasnoyarsk Puppet Theatre. Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin. Opera and Ballet Theatre. Norilsk Polar Drama Theater named after V. Mayakovsky.

"Lakes of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Salinity of the water. Aquatic habitat. Classification of lakes. Get to know the concept. Lake plants. Monuments of nature of the regional destination. Lake. Lake Tagarskoe. Hydrosphere. Lakes of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Animal world of lakes. Distribution of lakes on the territory of the region. Study of the concept of "lake".

"Birds of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Black vulture. Upland Buzzard. Osprey. Beauty crane. Steppe kestrel. Bearded. Big spotted eagle. Nuthatch. Owl. Bean goose Siberian taiga. Field grouse. Blue nightingale. Peregrine falcon. Grouse. The nightingale is a whistler. Bearded Owl. White-tailed eagle. Diversity of birds of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Tundra partridge. Eagle owl common. Capercaillie. Lightning chiffchaff. Black stork. Khrustan.

"Ecological problems of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Growth of the world population between 1750 and 2000. Excessive public spending. carbon dioxide. The growth of the world population. Population growth rate. Decreased biological diversity. The climate of the planet. Increased consumption of natural resources. Global scale of manifestation. Lack of water resources. Pollution of the oceans. The main causes of desertification. Emissions of chlorofluorocarbons.

"Animals of Taimyr" - Polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps). The internal structure of mammals. Lemming (Myopus schisticolor Lill). general characteristics class Mammals. The polar bear is a typical inhabitant of the ice fields of the polar basin. Arctic foxes exhibit cannibalism. The reindeer is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic. The musk ox feeds on moss, lichen, and herbs. Each large herd of deer is followed by a kind of "retinue".

The diversity of the flora of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Lesson Objectives:

n Show all the diversity of the flora of the region.

n Introduce varieties of plants growing in the region.

Equipment: map Kr. edges, pictures or use an interactive whiteboard.

During the classes:

1. Look at the illustrations and name the topic of the lesson.

Answer the questions:

n What three groups can all these plants be divided into?

Plants:

Trees Shrubs Grasses

n Give examples of trees, shrubs, herbs.

n What plants growing in our region do you know?

n Do you think the plants growing in the south and north of the region will be different or not? How?

2. Physical Minute

We walk together along our native land. ( march in place)

To our right is a green meadow. ( Turn)

To the left is the forest. ( Turn)

This forest is full of wonders.

Squirrel from branch to branch lope. (P burps)

The owl flaps its wings. Wow!
It's breathtaking! (Wave your hands.)
The sun over the birches shines on us. (Head turns.)
We are happy with berries and mushrooms. (Tilts.)

3. Discovery of new knowledge:

The flora of the region includes more than 2,000 species of vascular plants, consisting of Siberian, Mongolian, Transbaikal, tundra, Alpine and relic European forms, many of which are of great economic value. The territory of the region is divided into the following natural zones:

Arctic desert zone.

The zone with the absence of dense vegetation is represented on the extreme northern ledge of Taimyr - Cape Chelyuskin. Here is the kingdom of mosses and lichens, among which there are flowering pioneer plants - polar poppy, saxifrage, meadow grass, etc.

Tundra zone.

n arctic tundra located in the north of Taimyr and Gydan and the southern outskirts of the Byrranga mountains. In the formation of the grass stand, the main role is played by: narrow-leaved cotton grass, foxtail, partridge grass, saxifrage, polar poppy, meadow grass, oxalis.

n Subzone of shrub and tussock tundra. It is located in the lower reaches of the rivers Yenisei, Khatanga, Taz. Dwarf European and ferruginous birches, thickets of dwarf birch, bushy alder, wild rosemary, polar willow, lingonberry, blueberry, blueberry, cloudberry, saxifrage, partridge grass, mosses and lichens are widespread.

Treelessness, the predominance of mosses, lichens, low-growing shrubs on tundra gley soils

Forest-tundra zone.

It is distributed in the north of the West Siberian lowland with a strip of 1 km, and in Central Siberia the width of this zone reaches 900 km. , merging with the zone of pre-tundra light forests. The forest tundra is represented by Siberian larch with shrubby dwarf birch, and Siberian spruce is mixed in the south.

Forbs, shrubs, low-growing trees on podzolic and permafrost-taiga soils

Taiga zone.

Almost 50% of the region's territory is occupied by the taiga zone, which is divided into 3 subzones: northern taiga forests, middle taiga forests and southern taiga forests.

Subzone of northern taiga forests. To the east of the Yenisei, shrub-moss and lichen forests of Siberian larch with an admixture of spruce predominate, and to the west - moss and lichen-shrub larch, spruce-larch and pine-larch forests with an admixture of cedar.

Coniferous, evergreen forests on podzolic soils - spruce, fir, Siberian cedar.

Southern taiga . It extends to the west and east of the Yenisei Ridge, characterized by an abundance of pine trees, good forest development and floristic diversity. It has over 800 plant species. Raspberry, juniper, honeysuckle, mountain ash, Daurian rhododendron are widespread in the southern taiga. Among shrubs and herbs, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, crowberries, etc. predominate.

Subzone of the middle taiga. It is located on the Central Siberian Plateau and reaches the watershed between Khatanga and Angara, and to the west of the Yenisei it is distributed up to 60 degrees N. Sh.

The Yenisei Ridge is dominated by dark coniferous mixed forests, among which there are massifs of birch and aspen forests. Larch-pine and pine forests are common in the Angara basin and the Podkamennaya Tunguska valley.

Forest steppe zone.

On the territory of the edge of the forest-steppe are represented - Mariinsky - Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk and Kansk. Meadow herbs are represented by yarrow, plantain, couch grass, clover, burnet, timothy grass, cornflowers, rank, zoopnik, volodushka, bluegrass, wormwood, etc.

Steppe zone.

It is located in the central and western parts of the Chulym - Yenisei and South - Minusinsk basins. They are characterized by wormwood, feather grass, caragana, pikulnik, thin-legged, snake, chi, fescue, thermopsis, volodushka, and other plants.

Independent work (cards):

Find 9 plants growing in Kr. edge:

5. The result of the lesson.

Answer the questions:

What zones is the territory divided into? the edges? What groups of plants have we studied today? (examples) Homework.

Draw one type of plant from each group.

The territory of the region is more than 10 percent of the country's area and occupies 2401.6 thousand square meters. km. From north to south, the Krasnoyarsk Territory stretches for almost 26 °, or 2990 km. More than 1000 km separate the western border in the widest northern and middle part from the eastern border of the region. Due to its huge size, the natural conditions of the region are very diverse.

The south of the region is part of the Altai-Sayan mountainous physical and geographical country, in the north of the region there is a vast North Siberian lowland. The left bank of the Yenisei is occupied by the West Siberian plateau, and the right bank by the East Siberian. The following landscape zones are located on the territory of the region: tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, grass forests, forest-steppe, steppe. In the mountains there is a vertical zonality from steppes to mountain tundra.

The flora of the region includes more than 2,000 species of vascular plants, consisting of Siberian, Mongolian, Transbaikal, tundra, Alpine and relic European forms, many of which are of great economic value.

The zone of arctic deserts with the absence of dense vegetation is represented on the extreme northern ledge of Taimyr - Cape Chelyuskin. Here is the kingdom of mosses and lichens, among which there are flowering pioneer plants - polar poppy, saxifrage, meadow grass, etc.

The largest part of the Taimyr and Gydan peninsulas is occupied by a tundra zone 600-700 km wide and is subdivided into arctic, moss-lichen, and shrub subzones.

In the Arctic subzone, located in the north of Taimyr and Gydan and the southern outskirts of the Byrranga mountains, polygonal and spotted tundras prevail. In the formation of the herbage, the main role is played by narrow-leaved cotton grass, foxtail, partridge grass, saxifrage, polar poppy, meadow grass, and sorrel. In the mountains of Byrranga, two vertical belts of vegetation are clearly expressed - arctic dryad tundras and mountainous arctic deserts.

The north of the Yenisei-Khatanga lowland and most of the Gydan Peninsula is occupied by a subzone of moss-lichen tundras, represented by moss, cladonium and cetraria tundras with a dryad. Moss-lichen tundras are rich in lingonberries, cloudberries, pigeons, and princesses.

In the subzone of shrub and tussocky tundra in the lower reaches of the rivers Yenisei, Khatanga, Taz, dwarf European and glandular birches, thickets of dwarf birch, bushy alder, wild rosemary, polar willow, lingonberry, blueberry, blueberry, cloudberry, saxifrage, partridge grass, mosses and lichens are widespread.

The forest-tundra zone extends in the north of the West Siberian Lowland in a strip of 150-200 km, and in Central Siberia the width of this zone reaches 900 km, merging with the zone of pre-tundra light forests. The forest tundra is represented by Siberian larch with shrubby dwarf birch, and Siberian spruce is mixed in the south.

Almost 50% of the region's territory is occupied by the taiga zone, which is divided into three subzones: northern taiga forests, middle taiga forests and southern taiga forests.

South of the Arctic Circle to 64° N. sh. on the Central Siberian plateau and almost to 62 ° west of the Yenisei, the northern taiga extends. To the east of the Yenisei, shrub-moss and lichen forests of Siberian larch with an admixture of spruce predominate, and to the west, moss-and lichen-shrub larch, spruce-larch and pine-larch forests with an admixture of Siberian pine.

The middle taiga on the Central Siberian Plateau reaches the watershed between Katanga and Angara, or up to 58°N. sh., and to the west of the Yenisei it is distributed up to 60 ° N. sh. The Yenisei Ridge is dominated by dark coniferous mixed forests, among which there are massifs of birch and aspen forests. In the Angara basin and the Podkamennaya Tunguska valley east of 100° E. larch-pine and pine forests are common.

The southern taiga, extending to the west and east of the Yenisei Ridge, is characterized by an abundance of pine, good forest development, and floristic diversity. Thus, the flora of the Yenisei Ridge includes 800 species of vascular plants. Raspberry, juniper, honeysuckle, mountain ash, Dahurian rhododendron are widespread in the undergrowth of the southern taiga. Among shrubs and herbs, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, crowberries, hellebore, maynik, fireweed, linnaeus, violets, sorrelwort, etc. predominate.

Forest-steppes in the region are represented by the Mariinsky-Achinsk (West Siberian type), Krasnoyarsk and Kanskaya (Central Siberian type). The forest-steppe zone is the most economically developed. Large expanses of forest-steppes are occupied by arable land and hayfields. The meadow veteran is represented by the yarrow, plantainers, Pyrey, Clever, Closecumber, Timofeevka, Vasilirniki, Rich, Call, Dzopnik, Donniki, Donniks, Mattlee, Ovsets, Siberian Siberian Siberian Oprapet (Sizu, Broad -leaved, Topias). Lugovoi wound , multi-colored carnation, Ruysh snakehead, toy lily, common cumin, horse sorrel, etc.

The vegetation cover of the southern mountainous part of the region is exceptionally diverse. The Eastern Sayan is characterized by dark coniferous forests, while the Western Sayan is characterized by mixed forests. Starting from a height of 1300-1400 m in the Kuznetsk Alatau and 1500-1700 m in the Sayan mountains, a subalpine belt spreads out, and at an altitude of 1500-2000 m - an alpine belt. Colorful subalpine and alpine meadows occupy mainly the southern slopes. Among the high herbage there are many brightly flowering plants that form a colorful, elegant carpet: larkspur, evading peony, catchment area, Asian bathing suit, rank, buttercups, Altai violet, safflower-like leuzea, onions, primrose, forget-me-nots, poppy, gentian, serpentine head, Rhodiola rosea , alpine spurge, mytnik, anemone, volodushka, wrestler, hellebore, etc. Among the shrubs, Siberian and common juniper, Altai honeysuckle, Dahurian and golden rhododendron, thickets of dwarf birch, willow, and alder predominate.

The steppes and forest-steppes of the south of the region are located in the central and western parts of the Chulym-Yenisei and South Minusinsk depressions, they are the main agricultural regions of the region. They are characterized by wormwood, feather grass, caragana, pikulnik, thin-legged, snake, chi, fescue, thermopsis, goat-leaved volodushka and other plants.

More than 100 species of medicinal plants grow on the territory of the region, of which only 58 species are used in scientific medicine. The rest are widely used in folk medicine and are poorly studied scientifically. These species (more than 100) of medicinal plants are distributed very unevenly over the zones and belts of the region, since the natural conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are very diverse, and individual medicinal plants impose unequal requirements on environmental conditions.

The largest number of species of medicinal plants in the region, often forming continuous thickets (massifs), is confined to forests and shrubs. Among them: birch, pine, mountain ash, bird cherry, hawthorn, wild rose, juniper, black currant, raspberry, lingonberry, bearberry, blueberry, bergenia, blue cyanosis, golden volodushka, high larkspur, etc.

Meadows and steppes are rich in medicinal plants: burnet, yarrow, thermopsis, snake mountaineer, hellebore, safflower-like leuzea, Ural licorice, goat-leaved and multi-veined volodushka, tuberous gooseberry, goose cinquefoil, Siberian source, oregano, strawberry, meadow rank.

A large group of medicinal plants in the region are ruderal species that settle near dwellings, in garbage places, along roads: nettle, knotweed, common wormwood, bitter and Sievers, plantain large and medium, white lamb, dandelion officinalis, scooping henbane, motherwort, toadflax ordinary, tansy, burdock cobweb and large, fragrant sweet clover, shepherd's purse, black root officinalis ...

Of the 150 species of medicinal plants recommended by the Ministry of Medical and Microbiological Industry for harvesting in the territory of the region, it is possible to harvest on an industrial scale medicinal raw materials about 50 species of plants: lingonberry leaf, wild rosemary grass, birch and pine buds, rhizome with roots of leuzea, burnet and hellebore, volodushka grass , succession, yarrow, celandine, thermopsis, knotweed and sweet clover, plantain leaf, coltsfoot and bearberry, rose hips, hawthorn, bird cherry, black currant, mountain ash, raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, juniper, chaga mushroom, peony root and others

Several organizations are engaged in planned procurement of wild-growing medicinal and technical raw materials in the region: the regional consumer union - through its procurement offices; pharmacy management - through a network of pharmacies and pharmacy points; the forestry department through the forestries; regional fishery consumer union; management of the hunting and commercial economy.

The rate of procurement of medicinal raw materials is increasing annually, which is confirmed by the following data. In 1967, only in the system of the regional pharmacy management, 17.5 tons of medicinal raw materials were prepared for 23 items, in 1976 - 53.5 tons for 48 items, and in 1984 - 90 tons for 34 items.

In total, the procurement organizations of the region collected about 300 tons of wild plants last year. medicinal plants.

From year to year, the provision of the population of the region with medicinal plant materials and herbal preparations from it is improving. However, with the skillful organization of its mass harvesting, the identification of new promising places for the growth of medicinal plants and the rational use of their natural thickets, there is a real opportunity to harvest hundreds and thousands of tons of medicinal raw materials in the territory of the region, meeting the ever-increasing needs of the population of other regions and regions of the country.