Before and during the construction of foundations, periodically check the strength of the fastenings of the walls of trenches and pits. In order to avoid soil collapse at loose excavations, construction materials should be located outside the possible area of ​​soil collapse.

Building materials - stones, bricks, mortar - are fed into the trench along the gutters, in the absence of people. It is forbidden to dump material into a trench and tip over from a wheelbarrow.

As the foundation is being built, the fastenings of the walls of trenches and pits are removed, the lower struts are removed only after the upper ones are removed.

In order to avoid collapses, remove one, maximum two boards at the same time.

In pits or trenches, one should go down a stepladder or ladder with a railing. In winter, the railings are cleared of ice.

At the construction site, there must be a first aid kit for first aid: bandages, sterile cotton wool, adhesive plaster, rubber tourniquet, iodine, brilliant green solution, ammonia, burn remedy.

You must follow the rules when working with tools. Hand tools should not be placed in pockets or on the belt as this may cause accidents. When working, for example, with a chisel, you need to direct it away from you. Failure to do so will result in serious injury to the chest or abdomen. The cutting part of the tool should also be directed away from you.

Electric tools must have insulated handles. Such tools are connected to the mains using a safety plug. During operation, dielectric gloves should be worn.

Operate pneumatic tools only from stable ground. The use of ladders is not permitted.

In various construction, repair, and other works, scaffolds are often used.

They are divided into 3 main types:
1. Wooden, more than 3.5 m high, manufactured with obligatory tie-in of structural elements and fenced to a height of 1 m on three or four sides.
2. Metal, adjustable in height.
3. Mechanized, in the form of towers and platforms.

Scaffolding can be prefabricated or block. Their width for stone work should be at least 2 m. Compliance with safety regulations during repair and construction work. The overhaul of the foundation is a more complex process than the construction of a new one. The foundations of an old house, often dilapidated, pose a threat to nearby houses. It is necessary to repair such a foundation in cramped conditions among other populated houses, in close proximity to people and transport / At the same time, the construction site is most often the territory of the yard, constantly filled with building materials and also used for the passage of residents of a neighboring house.

Safety regulations provide for the construction of a high, at least 2 m, strong fence around the entire construction site. It is forbidden to lean heavy building parts and structures against the fence. In the yard area and Above the sidewalks, in order to avoid accidental falling of any objects, covered galleries should be made.

When performing work on the installation of pile foundations for high-rise buildings erected from standard residential sections, safety regulations must be observed.

When working with self-propelled pile testing installations, it is necessary to constantly check the serviceability of the mechanisms, the reliability of the connections, the condition of the steel ropes and the correctness of their reeving.

When installing (dismantling) moving a pile driver, as well as when lifting, driving, testing and extracting piles, no people (including maintenance personnel) should be in the danger zone. When moving the unit, the hammer must be in the lower position.

When operating the installation and the steel pile, it is prohibited:

a) work on a faulty installation and use faulty steel piles;

b) move the installation with a raised boom when the slopes of the terrain are more than 3%;

c) use the installation for loading and unloading operations;

d) leave the cargo hanging on the cargo hook;

e) leave the impact part of the diesel hammer in the raised position;

f) extract piles without installing outriggers or leaning on outriggers;

g) lubricate the rods and piston of the diesel hammer during operation;

h) leave the hole in the ground unfilled after the pile is removed;

i) approach the driven pile while the hammer is operating;

j) pull up with a cable a pile located on the side of the installation or located in front of it at a distance of more than 5 m.

Prior to commencement of work, all personnel must be thoroughly familiarized with the specifics of work performance and work execution projects.

Workers must be instructed and trained in safe practices for all types of work.

During the operation of pile driving installations, the serviceability of mechanisms, the reliability of bolted connections, the condition of steel ropes and the correctness of their reeving should be systematically checked.

It is forbidden to perform work not related to this technological process in the danger zone. The danger zone in the production of piling is considered to be the area near the pile driver. All hazardous areas on the site must be marked with highly visible warning signs and inscriptions. Pile driving should be done:

In the sequence specified in the project for the production of works and in accordance with the working drawings of the project.

Near underground utilities, electric cables and in the security zone of overhead power lines only if there is a work permit for especially dangerous work.

It is not allowed to place equipment and materials on the formwork that are not provided for by the project, as well as the presence of people who are not involved in the production process. Mounted formwork elements are released from the hook of the lifting mechanism only after they are completely fixed. Safe working conditions must be created at the workplace of formworkers. In places where formwork is stored, the width of the passages must be at least 1 m.

When performing all processes: formwork installation, reinforcement, concreting and concrete maintenance, it is necessary to constantly monitor the strength and stability of formwork panels and props, decking, ladders and fences.

During the production of formwork:

Simultaneous performance of work in two or more tiers along one vertical without appropriate protective devices (flooring, canopies, etc.) is not allowed.

When working at a height of more than 1.5 m (if it is impossible to arrange fences), workers are provided with safety belts with carabiners.

Permissible loads on the decks are determined by calculation. The total weight of materials, people and vehicles must not exceed the permissible loads.

The accumulation of people on the scaffolding decks and ceiling formwork is not allowed.

The installation of a collapsible formwork at a height of 5.5 m from the ground or the underlying floor can be carried out from ladders or portable ladders with a platform with a fence at the top.

During a thunderstorm and with a wind of more than 6 points (15 m / s), it is prohibited to work from outdoor scaffolding.

Formwork removal (formwork stripping) is carried out only with the permission of the superintendent, and the bearing formwork (beams, slabs, etc.) is removed only after the conclusion of the laboratory about the actual strength of the concrete.

In the production of reinforcing work:

The reinforcing elements to be installed must be fixed; it is not allowed to leave them loose. Knitting or welding reinforcement while standing on tied or welded collars or rods is prohibited.

It is impossible to be on the reinforcing-formwork blocks until they are completely installed and fixed. It is allowed to walk along the reinforced floor only along the “moves” (boards) 0.3 and 0.4 m wide, installed on the trestles, it is forbidden to lay the boards directly on the reinforcement installed in the design position.

Before starting electric welding work, check:

Serviceability of the electric welding machine and insulation of its body, welding wire and electric motor (for a machine with remote control);
- availability and correct grounding of the welding machine;
- absence near the place of welding (at a distance of at least 10.0 m from it) of flammable materials.

When working with an open electric arc, electric welders need to protect their faces and eyes with a helmet-mask or a shield with protective glasses-light filters. Light filters are protected from splashes of molten metal or contamination by simple glass.

Workers assisting the electric welder, depending on the conditions, are also provided with shields and goggles.

It is forbidden to carry out electric welding work in the open air during rain and thunderstorms. Welders working at height should have electrode canisters or bags and cinder boxes. Throwing cinders is prohibited.

In the production of concrete works:

When the concrete mixture is supplied by cranes, the bucket shutter is fixed in such a way as to prevent spontaneous unloading. At the time of unloading the mixture, the distance from the bottom of the bucket to the surface onto which unloading is performed should not exceed 1 m.

When a concrete mixture is supplied by a concrete pump, it is tested at a hydraulic pressure that is 1.5 times the working pressure before starting work. The concrete pump is connected by an alarm system to the place where the concrete mixture is placed.

The concrete worker should work with electric vibrators only in good rubber boots and gloves.

The wires from the switchboard to the vibrators are enclosed in rubber sleeves; the body of the vibrator must be grounded at the place of work. The vibrators operate at a voltage of 36...42 V. All temporary electrical networks and connections are carried out by a specialist electrician and are handed over according to the act.

Vibrator handles must have shock absorbers. In their absence, work with vibrators only in vibration-isolating gloves.

Work on concrete is allowed only in rubber boots. The vibrators are turned off during breaks in work, as well as when concrete workers move from one place to another. Do not pour water over the vibrators.

When laying the concrete mixture in a structure with a slope of 30 ° or more, concrete workers are provided with safety belts.

When concreting using continuous technologies (concrete paver, concrete pump), concrete workers must have a clear and continuous connection with the machinist.

When warming up structures:

All workers involved in the heating of concrete structures are instructed and must have certificates of knowledge of labor protection rules.

When warming up concrete structures, continuous monitoring of voltage, current and temperature is provided. The temperature for the first 3 hours of warming up is measured every hour, in the subsequent - after 2-3 hours. The outside temperature is measured three times a day.

Before concreting, the correct installation of the electrodes and their dimensions are checked. Before turning on the heating, the correct installation and connection of the electrodes, the reliability of the contacts, the location of the temperature sensors, the quality of the insulation are checked. The reliability of the contacts is checked after the heating is turned on and the voltage is switched.

For heating, a voltage of no higher than 127 V is used. A voltage of 220 V is allowed for heating non-reinforced structures or free-standing structures that are not connected with other common reinforcement.

Open fittings associated with the heated area are grounded. The heating zone is securely fenced and equipped with an alarm and blocking system.

In wet weather and thaw, concrete should not be heated in open areas. It is possible to water concrete with water only after turning off the heating.

It is forbidden to stay in the heating zone for unauthorized persons and conduct other types of work.

The temperature of the concrete with the heating turned on is measured only at a voltage not higher than 60 V; at high voltages, the heating is turned off for the duration of the measurement.

When performing work on negative temperatures it is necessary to prevent steam burns, electric shock, calcium chloride poisoning.

All steam pipelines must be tested and commissioned according to the act. Areas where structures are heated are designated as a "danger zone" with appropriate inscriptions; at all times when the coolant (steam, electricity) is supplied, these places are indicated by signal lights.

Source: Technology of building processes. Snarsky V.I.

Before starting work, the crane must be installed on a reliable and carefully aligned base.

During operation, removable load-handling devices and containers should be inspected: every 10 days, slings and containers, every 6 months, traverses.

Avoid swaying the load and twisting the slings.

Raise and lower the load only in a strictly vertical position.

It is forbidden:

• - leave unattended power tools with the engine running.
• - with a wind force of more than 6 balls, installation work should be stopped.
• - during breaks, leave the lifted load hanging.

Occupational health and safety requirements for reinforced concrete work

When installing monolithic reinforced concrete foundations and grillages, the requirements of SNiP III-A.11-70 and other applicable regulatory and instructive documents should be strictly observed. In addition, the following requirements must be met:

• 1. The formwork used for the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete structures must be manufactured and used in accordance with the project for the production of works, approved in the prescribed manner.
• 2. When installing formwork elements in several tiers, each subsequent tier should be installed only after fixing the lower tier.
• 3. Placement on the formwork of equipment and materials that are not provided for by the project for the production of works, as well as the stay of people who are not directly involved in the production of work on the formwork deck, is not allowed.
• 4. Dismantling of the formwork should be carried out (after the concrete reaches the specified strength) with the permission of the works foreman, and especially critical structures (according to the list established by the project) - with the permission of the chief engineer.
• 5. Harvesting and processing of reinforcement must be carried out in specially designed and suitably equipped places.
• 6. When performing work on the preparation of reinforcement, it is necessary:
  • - protect places intended for unwinding coils (coils) and straightening reinforcement;
  • - when cutting reinforcing bars by machines into segments less than 0.3 m long, use devices that prevent their expansion;
  • - protect the workplace when processing rebars protruding beyond the dimensions of the workbench, and for double-sided workbenches, in addition, divide the workbench in the middle with a longitudinal metal safety net at least 1 m high;
  • - put the prepared reinforcement in specially designated places;
  • - close the end parts of the reinforcement bars with shields in places of common passages having a width of less than 1m.
• 7. Elements of reinforcement cages must be packaged taking into account the conditions for their lifting, storage and transportation to the installation site.
• 8. When preparing a concrete mixture using chemical additives, it is necessary to take measures to prevent burns to the skin and damage to the eyes of workers.
• 9. Hoppers (buckets) for concrete mixture must comply with GOST 21807-76. Moving a loaded or empty hopper is only permitted with the gate closed.
• 10. Every day, before placing concrete into the formwork, it is necessary to check the condition of the container, formwork and scaffolding. Faults found should be corrected immediately.
• 11. When laying concrete from buckets or a bunker, the distance between the lower edge of the bucket or bunker and the previously laid concrete or the surface on which the concrete is laid should be no more than 1 m, unless other distances are provided for by the work design.
• 12. When compacting the concrete mixture with electric vibrators, it is not allowed to move the vibrator by current-carrying hoses, and during breaks in work and when moving from one place to another, the electric vibrators must be turned off.

Safety

1. General safety requirements

1.1. The following professions are allowed to perform work on the installation of foundations: a carpenter, a fitter, an electric welder, a concrete worker, an installer of reinforced concrete structures, persons who have reached the age of 18, who have undergone preliminary and periodic medical examinations in the manner prescribed by the Ministry of Health, trained and instructed in accordance with the Industry regulation on training, briefing and knowledge testing of employees of the Ministry of Labor Protection.

1.2. Dangerous and harmful production factors:

• rotating parts of machines and equipment;
• transported goods;
• electricity;
• sharp ends of reinforcing bars;
• vibration;
• collapse of stacks of blocks and walls of blocks;
• soil collapse.

1.3. For non-compliance with the requirements of this instruction, the employee is liable in accordance with applicable law.

2. Safety requirements before starting work

2.1. Before starting work, workplaces and passages to them are checked for compliance with the following requirements:

2.1.1. when working at a height above ground level of more than 1.3 m, workplaces must be equipped with scaffolds with a width of at least: 2 m - for stone work, 1 m - for assembly work;

2.1.2. for passage to workplaces located in pits and trenches, as well as for crossing over sections of laid reinforcement, it is necessary to install stairs, walkways and a gangway with fences;

2.1.3. the concrete electric heating zone must have a fence and be marked with warning signs and posters;

2.1.4. on overpasses for supplying concrete mixture by dump trucks, passages with a width of at least 0.6 m should be equipped between the breaking bar and the fence;

2.1.5. guards of rotating parts of machines and equipment are in good condition and securely fastened;

2.1.6. cases of welding transformers, electric motors and control devices are grounded;

2.1.7. signaling devices are in good condition and workplaces are well lit (at night).

2.2. Before starting work, check the availability of the necessary technological equipment, their serviceability and compliance with the working conditions.

3. Safety requirements when performing work

Formwork

3.1. When assembling formwork elements in several tiers, each subsequent tier should be installed only after fixing the lower one.

3.2. Placement on the formwork of equipment and materials not provided for by the design of the work, as well as the presence of people who are not directly involved in the production of work on the formwork, is not allowed.

3.3. Inventory formwork should contain inventory fences that prevent a person from falling.

Inventory fencing devices during the installation of the formwork must protect the entire grip prepared for concreting.

3.4. When installing shallow-protective inventory formwork, workers must use safety belts when working at a height of more than 1.3 m.

3.5. Dismantling of all types of formwork is carried out after the concrete reaches the specified strength and with the permission of the work manager, and especially critical structures - according to the list established by the project, with the permission of the chief engineer.

Assembly and installation of fittings

3.6. When assembling foundation reinforcement directly at the place of its installation, the rods are fed into the pit using a special traverse or lowered along trays adapted for this purpose.

3.7. Workers should descend into the pit only on ladders or ladders.

3.8. Reinforcing bars and steel products should be moved and installed only in gloves.

Maintenance of technological means of concrete transport

3.9. At the entrance of technological vehicles (concrete mixer truck, concrete truck, bucket truck), the concrete worker receiving the concrete mix must be in the field of view of the concrete mixer truck driver.

3.10. Cleaning the tray and the loading opening of the mixer truck from concrete residues should be carried out only when the mixing drum is stationary. Cleaning the body of a concrete truck in the conditions of a construction site is prohibited.

3.11. When unloading the concrete mixture from the body of the concrete truck, the worker receiving the concrete mixture must be in an area where his injury is excluded in the event of a sudden overturning of the concrete truck.

3.12. Cleaning of the raised bodies of dump trucks after unloading the concrete mix should be done with scrapers or shovels with an extended handle.

Cleaning workers must not stand on the wheels or be in the back of the vehicle. Do not hit the body with a sledgehammer in order to clean the body from adhering concrete mixture.

Supply, placement and compaction of concrete mix

3.13. When laying the concrete mixture with jib and tower cranes, the concrete worker must know:

3.13.1. rules for slinging bucket bunkers;

3.13.2. signals given to the crane operator;

3.13.3. safe methods of work with the use of bucket bunkers.

3.14.1. lift the bucket bunker without making sure that the slinging is reliable;

3.14.2. open the shutter when it is jammed in the suspended state of the bunker;

3.14.3. work with a faulty shutter opening mechanism;

3.14.4. swing the suspended bunker bucket.

3.15. At the moment of lowering the bucket, the workers should step aside; it is possible to open the shutter only after the bucket takes the lowest position for the given unloading conditions.

3.16. When compacting concrete mixtures with deep, platform vibrators, the concrete worker must know:

3.16.1. rules for safe work with manual electric machines;

3.16.2. rules of hygiene and sanitation when working with a vibrating tool.

3.17.1. work with faulty vibration equipment;

3.17.2. independently, in the absence of an electrician on duty, connect vibration equipment to electrical distribution boards;

3.17.3. work with vibration equipment without vibration protection;

3.17.4. work without rubber gloves and boots.

Installation of prefabricated foundations

3.18. Foundation blocks and blocks of basement walls should be stored on prepared sites in a stack no more than 2.6 m high on linings and gaskets.

Linings and gaskets in stacks of stored concrete and reinforced concrete products should be placed in the same vertical plane. Their thickness must be greater than the protruding mounting loops by at least 20 mm.

It is forbidden to store structural elements closer than 1 m from the edge of the pit, trench.

3.19. Signals to the crane operator must be given by one person who knows the procedure for exchanging signals.

The stop signal can be given by any worker who has noticed the danger.

Hooking or tying cargo should be carried out in accordance with the cargo slinging schemes. It is forbidden to lift prefabricated reinforced concrete structures covered with snow, earth, pinched by other structures. It is necessary to clean the structures to be mounted from dirt and ice before they are lifted, while hitting the mounting loops is unacceptable.

Before lifting the structure, the installer must check that the weight indicated on the structure marking corresponds to the lifting capacity of the crane. When lifting structures with a mass close to the maximum load capacity of the crane, the load must first be fixed at a height of 0.2-0.3 m.

3.21. Structural elements during movement must be kept from swinging and rotating by guy wires from a hemp (kapron) rope.

3.22. When performing work, the installer is prohibited from:

• install structures by pulling them up with oblique tension of the rope of the lifting mechanism;
• leave designs on weight;
• be on the elements and structures during their lifting, moving and installation;
• to carry out slinging of structures until their permanent or temporary reliable fastening;
• move the installed structures after their slinging;



5.3. Disconnect the mechanisms from the network, lock the starting devices with a padlock so that they cannot be turned on by unauthorized persons.