Modern problems of science and education. Paul di filippo - problems of survival The essence of the problem of human survival is reduced to

The influence of scientific and technological progress on the development of mankind is considered. Trends (crisis of identity, acceleration of time, etc.) generated by the processes of globalization and having a significant impact on social development are outlined. Various prospects (scenarios) for the further development of modern civilization are presented (the end of the world, which may occur as a result of an environmental catastrophe, the possibility of a threat of a third world war, the use of nanotechnology, the development of the ocean floor, the creation of an interstellar human civilization, the creation of cyborgs, etc.). The problems of the survival of mankind are analyzed, considered from two positions: the problems of social development related to the issues of demography, the population of the planet; problems of social development associated with the spread and widespread use of new technologies. The increasing modern society"dependence of man on the techno-environment". The most significant problems arising in connection with the inconsistency of scientific and technological progress, the ambiguity of the use of the achievements of science and technology are considered.

antiscientism

scientism

demography

time acceleration

identity crisis

technical environment

scientific and technical progress

globalization

social development

modern society

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Consideration of the problems of development and survival of mankind is unthinkable without an analysis of the processes taking place in modern society. The scientific and technological revolution, which has become one of the main foundations of modernity, predetermined the vector of direction for the further development of mankind in the framework of globalization and unification of almost all aspects of social relations. The consequence of globalization was a change in the social space, the restructuring of the world order and the emergence of new threats to the further development of man, society and nature.

The development of mankind is a complex and contradictory process associated with the exacerbation of global problems and the transformation of the world, affecting the foundations of society.

Difficulties in understanding the ways of further development of modern society lead to the need to create concepts that represent new paradigms for theoretical research and forecasting of a new world order.

Globalization predetermined the emergence of a wide variety of interrelated trends in the development of modern society, such as an identity crisis, the acceleration of time, the unification of life, increased confrontation between human culture and the natural environment, an increase in the gap in the level of development between the most developed and backward countries, the simultaneous simplification and complexity of human life, related to the development of the Internet, information technology, etc. [see: 13].

This, in turn, made it possible for the scientific community to predict various prospects (scenarios) for the further development of mankind. Among the most common scenarios, one can single out the following: the formation of the noosphere as a result of the development of mankind and the evolution of the biosphere, the formation of a new social order as a result of the transition to the superindustrial stage of evolution, the liquefaction of the world as a result of an accelerated transformation and the emergence of indigo children, as a transition to a new one, 6 race of people, the end of the world, which may occur as a result of an ecological catastrophe, the possibility of a threat of a third world war, the use of nanotechnology, the development of the ocean floor, the creation of an interstellar human civilization, the creation of cyborgs, etc. [see: 13].

These futurological concepts offer rather optimistic prospects for the development of modern society, and consider possible ways to overcome the problems facing humanity.

However, at present, the question is becoming more and more acute not so much about the options for the direction of human development, but about the problem of its survival, or, in other words, the problem of the limited nature of human existence (along with limited natural resources [see: 12]).

In this regard, the problem of the survival of mankind in the context of globalization seems to us the most relevant for research.

Speaking about the problem of the survival of mankind in the context of globalization, it should be noted that in the scientific world a large number of the most diverse aspects of this problem are considered, however, in our opinion, all these problems can be considered from two sides, within which the most real threats to the continued existence arise. humanity:

This is, first of all, the problem of social development, connected with the issues of demography, the population of the planet; and secondly, it is a problem of social development associated with the spread and widespread use of new technologies.

When analyzing the problem of social development related to the issues of demography, the duality of this aspect attracts attention.

On the one hand, uncontrolled births, which are a feature of the development of the countries of Asia and Africa (with the exception of China (partly Iran and India), which pursues a policy of birth control, however, even here one can find tendencies to abandon these programs [see: 9]).

On the other hand, there is the problem of a decline in the birth rate, which is typical for the United States and Western European countries.

In this regard, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs compiled probabilistic forecasts on the problem of the world's population [see: 7], according to which by 2025 the world's population will be 8.2 billion inhabitants. The distribution of the population on a territorial basis will also be very uneven. For example, the population in Western European countries will decrease by 14%, which will be a consequence of the rapid aging of the population.

However, the growth in the population of Asian and African countries, according to research data presented in the framework of the World Population Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), in particular, the Deputy Director of this program S. Shcherbov will not be as rapid as UN experts predict [see: 5]. In addition, it is assumed that a sharp decline in the birth rate in these countries is possible, which is directly related to the increase in the level of education of women. It should be noted that it is education that is one of the strongest factors influencing the birth rate [see: 6].

In this regard, in our opinion, the problem of the threat of extinction of mankind, and not the problem of overpopulation of the planet, is particularly acute. Worrying, in this aspect, is the spread of various kinds of trends generated by globalization processes, and most clearly manifesting themselves in the countries of Western Europe.

For example, there is an increasing trend "population aging" suggesting an increase in the proportion of older people in the total population (aged 60 and over).

In our opinion, the threat to the survival of mankind in this case is not the emergence of socio-economic, political, moral and ethical problems associated with the aging of the population, but the desire to “postpone”, and in some concepts [see: 15] “prevent” the inevitable old age, death as a natural end life cycle human existence.

Special attention in this aspect deserves consideration of such a trend, which poses a possible threat to the survival of mankind, as the spread of the ideology of “voluntary, conscious childlessness” [see: 2], which manifests itself, for example, in the spread of the childfree subculture (Eng. Childfre - free from children; English childless by choice, voluntary childless - voluntarily childless).

Thus, we can conclude that, in conjunction with such trends that entail a change in the institution of the family, such as the spread of ideals "late marriages", "family downsizing"(with the ideal one family - one child), permission "same-sex marriages", the problems of human survival are becoming more and more acute.

Considering the problem indicated in the title of the article, let us turn our attention to the second component of this issue - the problem of social development associated with the spread and widespread use of new technologies.

The 20th century appeared before modern society as the century of the triumph of science and scientific achievements.

On the one hand, technological progress has led mankind to the realization that the problems of human existence as a biological being can be solved through scientific achievements in the field of medicine, genetics, nanotechnology, and the problems of the environment, the ecological development of the planet are completely solvable and under the control of man.

On the other hand, the events generated by the immoral application of scientific achievements have led mankind to comprehend the disastrous consequences of scientific and technological progress.

And now, despite the existing confrontation, supporters of scientism and anti-scientism [See: 14], more and more often agree that science, with its achievements, has an increasingly complex and ambiguous effect on a person and the conditions of his existence.

And it is precisely the inconsistency of scientific and technological progress, the ambiguity of the achievements of science and technology and their widespread use that seems to us to be the key aspect that needs to be comprehended when analyzing the problems that arise in the process of social development and pose a real threat to the survival of mankind.

So, for example, the growing in modern society " man's dependence on the techno-environment". Idea " connections human body with technology" no longer seems to modern man something incomprehensible and inaccessible.

Increasingly widespread are ideas of human cyborgization», representing very real attempts to improve the human body and mind. (abbreviated from the English cybernetic organism - a cybernetic organism), living organisms containing mechanical or electronic components (such as brain implants, artificial lungs, etc.), which are not so much people with artificial prostheses, but people who are , as noted in the work of Lem S. The sum of the technologies of "a partially reconstructed person, with an artificial digestive-regulatory system that allows adaptation to various space environments" [see: 3].

Currently, the issue of creating cyborgs is one of the most urgent. For example, in February 2011, a strategic public movement "Russia 2045" was formed in Russia, bringing together various scientists who propose the implementation of a project to create an artificial body. And as the members of the initiative group of the movement note, “the new person will receive a huge range of opportunities, will be able to easily endure extreme external conditions: high temperatures, pressure, radiation, lack of oxygen, and so on. With the help of a neural interface, a person will be able to remotely control several bodies of various shapes and sizes” [see: 9].

However, it should be noted that the development of technology leads to the need for its humanization as an “urgent vital need”, since “the further technical progress progresses, the more the problem of managing technology acquires an ethical and spiritual character” .

However, "intervention of science in the human genome", the complexity of understanding and the possibility of preventing the irreversible consequences of this intervention, in conjunction with the above trends, in our opinion, they are bringing mankind ever closer to the threat of self-destruction. G. Marcuse, for example, draws attention to the fact that “the suppression of the natural, and then the individual in a person reduces the diversity of all its manifestations to only one technocratic parameter” [see: 11].

And, as Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.S. Stepin, “attempts to genetically improve a person can lead not to the creation of a more perfect form of intelligent life, but to the destruction of the very foundations of this life” [see: 1].

Concluding the consideration of issues related to the problem of the survival of mankind in the context of globalization, we can draw the following conclusion: at present, the most relevant are the issues related to the consideration of possible scenarios for the development of mankind, the study of the problem of its survival. The large-scale development and use of scientific achievements in the sphere of human existence leads to the need to understand the possible consequences of the use of modern technologies for the development and existence of mankind.

Reviewers:

Sabekia R.B., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Philosophy of Law and Social Sciences, Sterlitamak Branch of the Bashkir State University, Sterlitamak;

Shergeng N.A., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Philosophy of Law and Social Sciences, Sterlitamak Branch of the Bashkir State University, Sterlitamak.

Lukyanov A.V., Pushkareva M.A., Shergeng N.A. Introduction to the history and philosophy of science. - Ufa: RIO BashGU, 2006. - P.138.

Bibliographic link

Nafikova A.I. THE PROBLEM OF SURVIVAL OF HUMANITY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2015. - No. 2-2.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=22447 (date of access: 01.02.2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Conclusion
All over the world, people are striving to reduce pollution as much as possible, as well as Russian Federation adopted, for example, the Criminal Code, one of the chapters of which is devoted to establishing penalties for environmental crimes. But, of course, not all ways to overcome this problem have been solved and we should take care of ourselves. environment and maintain that natural balance in which a person is able to exist normally.
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Modern international law has developed a wide range of norms on arms limitation and disarmament. The main areas of international cooperation in the field are:

measures for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968);

limitation of certain types of weapons (Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the limitation of anti-missile defense systems of 1972, the Treaty on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms of 1991);

prohibition of the production and elimination of certain types of weapons (Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, 1972, Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, 1993 .);

restriction of territories for the deployment of certain types of weapons (Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America of 1967, Treaty on the Prohibition of the Placement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the Bottom of the Seas and Oceans and in Its Subsoil of 1971, etc.);

limitation and reduction of armed forces (Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 1990);

demilitarization and neutralization of certain territories (Antarctic - under the Treaty of 1959);

measures of a general nature to ensure security (Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Impact on the Environment, 1977).

The current international situation provides an opportunity to take further effective measures for nuclear disarmament and against the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects. The cessation of all nuclear weapons test explosions and all other nuclear explosions by limiting the development and quality improvement of nuclear weapons and halting the development of improved new types of nuclear weapons is an effective measure of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.

41. Environmental problems in international relations

Our generation has witnessed dramatic events that have changed the nature of man's relationship with his environment. The rapid growth of the Earth's population, as well as scientific and technological progress, contribute to increased human impact on the environment. Mankind must realize that the relationship between him and the earth has dramatically changed its nature, that the destruction of the environment, and interaction with it.

The international significance of environmental problems requires the search for specific measures to maintain the stability of ecological systems. The protection of nature from harmful effects involves two main areas of activity: the first is control, the second is management. The fulfillment of the first of these tasks should be ensured by monitoring - the organization of constant monitoring of the state of nature. Management refers to the application, mainly, of economic measures of environmental regulation.

The implementation of this activity on a planetary scale will not be possible without the close cooperation of as many states as possible in the field of environmental protection.

One way or another, we found ourselves at the center of a large-scale experiment to change the chemical structure of the stratosphere, although we do not have a clear idea of what biological and meteorological consequences await us. (F. Sherwood Rowland)

Recently, mankind has ceased one of the obvious ecological limits that determine the existence of a layer of stratospheric ozone, but, having realized this in time, stepped back. The ozone story is an optimistic story, at least for now. It shows the best qualities of people and whole countries and at the same time demonstrates some general human weaknesses.

Scientists were the first to raise the alarm about the threat of the disappearance of the ozone layer. They were able to overcome political barriers and then form powerful forces to obtain reliable information. However, this became possible only after they managed to cope with their own limitations. Governments and corporations at first acted very slowly and tentatively, but subsequently some of them became the real leaders of the movement. The environmentalists, previously dubbed "crazed alarmists", have underestimated the problem this time.

The United Nations in this story has shown its ability to disseminate critical information around the world, to provide a neutral base and wise support, while governments have worked on this, of course, an international problem. Third world countries have found in the ozone crisis a new opportunity to act in their own interests, refusing to cooperate until they are guaranteed the technical and financial support for this cooperation.

In the end, the peoples of the world realized that they had exceeded a serious limit. Under the pressure of common sense, they, though reluctantly, nevertheless agreed to stop the production of this economically profitable and useful industrial product as chlorofluorocarbon. This happened before there was any tangible danger to the economy, the environment, or humans, before scientists had reached full confidence in their results. Perhaps it was done just in time.

42. Global problems of our time: origin, threat to the world, solutions.

The biggest threat is the one that is underestimated.” Charles de Gaulle.

Threat- a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state (a condition is something on which something else depends; a factor is the cause, the driving force of any process; danger is the ability to cause any harm, misfortune). Threats are of an objective nature and arise as a result of the emergence of contradictions between individuals, strata of society, classes, states during their interaction in the process of social development.

Threat classification:

1. Location (external, internal);

2. The degree of formation (potential, real);

3. Character (natural: seismic, water, etc.; anthropogenic: ecological, technogenic);

4. Sphere of life (economic, social, political, defense, information, international).

The classification of threats is important in the creation and functioning of a security system both by an individual country and a group of states.

Classification of threats according to the degree of subjective perception: overestimated, underestimated, adequate, imaginary, unconscious.

The threat of a global nuclear catastrophe has been replaced by new challenges - such as poverty, infectious diseases and mass epidemics, environmental degradation - environmental threats, wars and violence within states, the proliferation and the possibility of using nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons (WMD), drug trafficking, global financial and economic crises, international terrorism and transnational organized crime. These threats come from both non-state actors and states, and it is about both human security and state security.

On the wave of separatism and other manifestations of national and religious extremism, a number of new regional conflicts have arisen, the victims of which are hundreds of thousands of people, mainly among the civilian population.

The scale of these threats has multiplied under the influence of such a complex and contradictory phenomenon as globalization. On the one hand, in the context of globalization, the interdependence of states has sharply increased and regional conflicts have begun to seriously threaten global security and stability. On the other hand, by deepening the uneven economic development of states, globalization creates a fertile environment for the accumulation of crisis potential in many countries of the world. It is on this basis that various kinds of extremist political movements arise and grow, which have made violence and terror their weapons.

Plans use of outer space for military purposes is a new and very serious threat to international peace and security. The threat of military intervention in outer space is truly global in nature, and it is all the more dangerous because, unlike the time when atomic weapons appeared, it is not properly recognized by the international community, but this is a matter of time.

The main actors in combating all threats, both new and old, continue to be individual sovereign States, whose roles and functions, and the right to be respected, are fully recognized in the Charter of the United Nations. However, in the 21st century, more than ever before, no state can rely only on its own forces. Collective strategies, collective institutions and a sense of collective responsibility are essential.

The arguments in favor of a collective security system are based on three pillars. Today's threats cross national borders, are interconnected and must be addressed at the global and regional as well as national level. No state, no matter how strong it may be, can independently protect itself from modern threats. It also cannot be taken for granted that there will always be the ability and willingness to fulfill their responsibility to protect their people without harming their neighbors.

Security threats in the modern world are largely transboundary in nature. The possibility of countering them largely depends on the consolidation of the efforts of various states and their groups, of the entire international community. A number of security threats simply cannot be neutralized at the level of individual nation states or regional organizations (CIS). One of the conditions for fruitful international cooperation is a similar understanding and definition of threats by different states and the development of unified methods to counter them.

"Report of the UN High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change" (2005) - 6 blocks of threats:

1. war between states;

2. domestic violence, including civil wars, mass violations of human rights and genocide;

3. poverty, infectious diseases and environmental degradation;

4. nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons;

5. terrorism;

6. transnational organized crime.

According to the NATO Strategic Concept, modern threats also include violation of the stable supply of states with vital (primarily energy) resources.

According to the UN experts, in order to combat these threats, it is recommended to use a "prevention policy" that provides for a wide range of socio-economic and cultural-informational measures. Priority in this area is considered the interests of the individual and civil society, and not the state.

Technogenic civilization has created extremely serious problems for the survival of mankind. And after technogenic civilization and civilization in general, a super-civilization is already visible - a hypothetical level of development of a society of intelligent organisms, advancing after civilization.

Russian scientist N.P. Kardashev introduced the concept of types of civilizations according to the level of energy consumption.

The first type is Civilization, the energy consumption of which is comparable to the power received by the planet from the central star and the energy sources of the planet itself.

The second type is Civilization, whose energy consumption is comparable to the power of the central star of the planetary system. Estimated energy consumption is 1020 ergs per second. One of the hypothetical forms of civilization of the second type is the civilization of the Dyson sphere.

A civilization of the second and higher types is already considered a super-civilization.

The third type is Civilization, the power consumption of which is comparable to the power of the galaxy. Estimated energy consumption -- 1044 erg per second.

Not included in the theory, but possibly existing type 4 - Civilization, the energy consumption of which is comparable to the power of the universe. Estimated energy consumption -- infinite power.

The American astronomer Carl Sagan (1934--1996) supplemented the energy classification of super-civilizations with information.

At the end of the XX century. the development of civilization has approached its critical limit. Among the problems discussed by scientists and philosophers are the crisis of the metropolitan city and the dying village, the degradation of culture and morality, the marginalization of significant sections of the population and the biological degeneration of people, the change in values, ideals, and the needs of modern man. In general, there is a picture of the crisis of technogenic civilization as a whole.

Most often, the responsible for this crisis, which appeared instead of the expected ideal society, are declared to be technological growth (which should have resulted in an ideal society) and the principles on which the modern industrial and technical civilization is built: an orientation towards the growth of consumption (sometimes they are divided according to the degree of environmental friendliness between material and spiritual, but also spiritual needs for their implementation need a material basis) and preference for socio-cultural innovations (compared to fidelity to traditional ways of reproducing life).

Pain points of socio-natural and socio-cultural interactions that characterize the state of our era are called "global problems of our time." These problems, which have not yet found even a theoretical solution, raise doubts about the viability of the post-industrial society itself, for which they are characteristic. It is their unresolved nature that threatens the further existence of mankind, leaving no room for historical optimism.

The essence of the global environmental problem, or the disrupted interaction between society and nature, is the uncontrolled growth of the technosphere and its negative impact on the biosphere, primarily the biota.

Its components are: the destruction of many species of plants and animals and the reduction of biospheric diversity; depletion of non-renewable natural resources and degradation of renewable resources (soil, forests, fresh water) due to the increase in their consumption; exhaustion of the habitat's capacity to absorb anthropogenic waste; saturation of the biosphere with technospheric elements (especially chemical and radiation components); the threat of degradation and extinction of mankind as a result of environmental degradation; the growing concentration of the population in the largest cities; the replacement of the natural processes of self-regulation of the biosphere by anthropogenic influence and the growth of the necessary participation of man in maintaining a favorable state of the natural environment.

The essence of the anthropological global problem, or the violation of interhuman ties and cultural processes, is the growing disharmony between the development of the natural and social qualities of a person. Its components are: a decrease in the natural health of people, the threat of destruction of the human gene pool and the emergence of new diseases; detachment of man from biospheric life and transition to technospheric conditions of life.

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that global problems are caused by human activity, more precisely, they are its by-products, being associated with artificial systems designed by mankind. And technological complexes, and public institutions, and regulatory systems were created with the best of intentions to achieve results that were considered optimal. But the activity of people, in addition to direct consequences, has unpredictable effects, and as the technical equipment grows, these side effects begin to prevail. Along with the positive results of historical development, a load of negative ones has been accumulating, which by now has exceeded the critical mass.

Consider the role of one of the forms of human activity - technological

in the genesis of global problems and their possible resolution.

By now, two systems created by the evolution of living matter have developed and coexist on planet Earth: the biosphere and the technosphere.

The biosphere is the shell of the Earth, created by the activity of living organisms, which billions of years ago became a geochemical force on a planetary scale.

The result of thousands of years of technological development has become a global technosphere system, within which all aspects of the life of a modern person are realized. The technosphere as an artificial material world is a product of human civilization. Along with society and culture, it is a product of the active essence of man, his need to change himself and the world. There is a continuous interaction between the biosphere and the technosphere.

Mankind in the course of technological activity changes the structure of the earth's surface, concentrates or rearranges chemical elements, destroys or creates biological species. If the transformation of the technosphere as a result of this interaction is the goal of the production process and is controlled by man, then the change in the physical and chemical characteristics of the biosphere is a side effect.

Socio-natural studies show that techno-biospheric interactions depend on the level of technogenic development, the biosphere only reacts to its changes. Thus, the industrial revolution led to a sharp increase in the anthropogenic load. Biospheric responses ceased to affect individual regions and led to systemic changes in global characteristics, which caused the world community to be concerned about environmental problems.

The results of the thousand-year technospherization of the biosphere are as follows: there is an increase in difficulties in maintaining the already achieved level of altered biocenoses and approaching the limit of further changes in the biosphere in the indicated direction. Human economic activity has acquired such a scale when the basic principles of the natural structure of the biosphere are violated: the energy balance, the existing circulation of substances, the diversity of species and biological communities, population stability, etc. Theoretically, there are no more biospheric forms in their pure form. As a result of the global use of biospheric resources, even parts of the Earth that are not occupied in economic turnover experience technogenic influences.

The tense relationship between the technosphere and the biosphere, expressed by the discrepancy between the technogenic load and the resource potential of the biosphere, has reached the stage of an ecological crisis: the replacement of ecosystems by less productive ones has begun. The biosphere is gradually losing its bearing capacity. Even renewable natural resources cease to be renewable as it is disturbed. In the future, the preservation of the previous trend of growth in anthropogenic load threatens the biosphere with collapse (complete loss of biological productivity).

Thus, an unreasonable technogenic impact on the biosphere, which goes beyond its adaptive abilities, can lead to the extinction of humanity itself as a biological species.

The technosphere needs for its functioning a constant borrowing of resources from outside.

Apparently, attempts to get away from the ecological crisis by restructuring the technosphere alone (without simultaneously adapting humanity to new socio-natural patterns) are utopian. Both our inability to foresee all the results of technogenic changes in the field of living matter, and the inevitable growth of the material needs of mankind (which sooner or later will require a new borrowing of resources from the biosphere) will lead to the fact that the implementation of the proposed programs can, at best, slow down the anthropogenic degradation of the biosphere, but don't stop her.

The mind of people is not yet high enough to foresee all the consequences of the impacts produced. Even when the negative consequences are realized, the benefit of future generations does not always force people to abandon momentary benefits. Therefore, we can conclude that the ecological global problem is secondary compared to the anthropological one, and the root cause of the global ecological crisis is the anthropological crisis - the negative changes of modern man.

The rebirth of nature due to the formation of an artificial world is accompanied by catastrophes and causes alarm in the international community. The technogenic rebirth of the human spirit is less noticeable.

Events of the 20th century proved the existence of a feedback between humanity and the technosphere. For example, one can note a change in the systemic determination of human life: if before people were subject to biospheric laws and were forced to defend their place in the struggle against natural elements, then modern man, as a result of the technologization of his life, is forced to obey the technosphere, fit into its laws and develop qualities in himself, necessary for its activities.

The technospheric rebirth of man has reached an alarming level. The creator of the artificial world becomes a part of it, the biospheric being becomes a technospheric one.

In the course of technogenic development, human properties undergo significant technospheric transformation. The biosphere is changing not only outside people, but also inside them - in the body and psyche. Man, more and more immersed in the artificial world, gradually loses his natural qualities and acquires socio-technogenic ones. From birth, he finds himself in a technosphere environment. Not only material objects, but also plants and animals admitted to man cannot be called "natural" - their species are also the fruits of the development of mankind.

The sphere of physical labor is reduced and mental stress is growing, which leads to the emergence of new diseases. The human body itself is invaded by an artificial environment: the use of artificial or genetically modified food, artificial insemination, transplantation, etc. are practiced.

For the inhabitant modern world biological changes are characteristic that cannot be called progressive: a decrease in resistance to infections and environmental factors, a weakening of the senses (sight and hearing are getting worse), insomnia and depression that are affecting more and more segments of the population, cardiovascular and cancer diseases, allergies and infertility. Weakens the immune defense of the human body, the growth of genetic anomalies and mental illness becomes a disaster. With each generation, the degradation of the internal organs and systems of the human body intensifies, more and more often man-made interference in their functioning or their direct replacement is required. Considering how many people in industrialized countries literally cannot live without using the achievements of medicine every day, such a life can be called "artificial".

The latest biotechnological achievements lead to the fact that the object of change is no longer external nature, but the biophysical structure. There are projects of self-transformation through technical intervention: human nature, as imperfect, is declared in need of the same radical processing that other elements of the biosphere have undergone. Previously, the material for artificial alteration was the external environment, now the man himself becomes the material.

The number of people is increasing (moreover, in developed, prosperous countries) who seek to "forget", to escape from reality (starting from alcoholics and drug addicts and ending with all kinds of fans of virtual reality). Hopes for building an ideal society that would allow achieving all personal and public benefits did not come true: a post-industrial society, which seems perfect to those who dream of building it, upon closer examination turns out to be just as contradictory, full of problems, based not on the needs of mankind, but guided by general systemic laws of the technosphere.

Man turned out to be not only the creator of the artificial world, but to a large extent his creation. This is the essence of the anthropological crisis, which can be called technogenic-anthropological.

The global problems of technogenic civilization are not the results of individual mistakes, but the consequence of a specific way of being a person in his desire to survive and realize himself. The anthropological crisis is the deepest problem of our time. It covered the whole complex of human relationships: human behavior and way of thinking change so much that the degradation of not only the biosphere, but also the person himself became a matter of concern.

Technological development that is not balanced with regard to the interests of the biosphere is not the result of the evil will of individual people, it is objective as the realization of human nature.

Limitation of technogenic development is impossible, and a complete rejection of technology is not only impossible, but also harmful, it would lead to the restoration of the biosphere at the cost of the extinction of mankind. Man himself has always been, is and will be a biospheric being. Although technogenic alienation is intensifying, nature is still our body and our instincts, and there is no hiding from them in any artificial world. Mankind cannot live without the biosphere (otherwise it will cease to be such and become a different species - no longer biological) and mankind cannot but change the biosphere.

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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Magnitogorsk State University

Faculty of Social Work

in social ecology

The problem of survival in the modern world

Completed by: Mitroshkina N.N.

4th year student

f-ta social. work of the OZO

Magnitogorsk 2001

Plan

1. Problems of mankind. Threats to human life and survival

2. Prerequisites for the survival of man and mankind in the modern world

Bibliography

1. Problems of mankind. Uhroses of human life and survival

Rationalists, scientists, and sociologists believe that the present age holds the contradictory possibilities of both rise and fall. They insist that we are entering a multidimensional world and a new, yet unknown, model of world civilization is emerging. Theorists talk about the entry of mankind into the zone of bifurcation points, a fault that has become apparent, a turning of history in an unpredictable direction.

Indeed, the familiar world of the 20th century, full of turbulent events, is rapidly transforming before our eyes, changing radically. We are facing a new historical time.

It is now clear that without “thinking” on the scale of humanity, it is impossible to productively analyze any local task at a different level: a continent, country, region, city, etc. Any crises in the economy and politics, in prosperous or lagging countries, deep or superficial in essence, is a manifestation of the general crisis shaking human civilization. Politicians and economists of various directions are increasingly coming to the conclusion that a crisis of modern world civilization is coming, which has engulfed nature, the world economy, political relations, culture, and especially man himself.

Describing the global situation at the end of the century, it should be noted that humanity, being essentially united, is also represented by an inexhaustible variety of dynamic socio-cultural forms. The highest achievements of human progress are expressed in high technology, efficient industrial and agricultural production, an extensive information network, and the world of refined art. At the same time, relic, archaic formations remain in a number of regions of the globe, hundreds and hundreds of millions of people do not have the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of civilizations, they drag out the existence of outsiders.

Until recently, we lived in a "bipolar" world. In socio-economic, ideological and political terms, the countries of the developed market economy (capitalism) and the countries of the socialist community opposed each other. The collapse of the socialist community and the profound changes taking place in our Fatherland have dramatically and unexpectedly changed the entire panorama of the world community.

Describing the current situation, the famous German political scientist Ralf Dahrendorf said with confusion: “It is as if a huge hurricane has destroyed the entire political landscape, destroying all landmarks.” Multipolarity is emerging, and the confrontation, which could conditionally be designated "North-South", comes to the fore. On the one hand, a relatively small group of highly developed countries with a stable political system, mastering the latest information and computer technology, with a high level of well-being, on the other hand, the bulk of countries living within the framework of industrial, and even pre-industrial technology. Here mass poverty, rapid population growth, instability of domestic life. The nature of the confrontation between the "Golden" billion and the four billion of the rest of the world's population can be judged by such data. In 1992, the richest 20% of countries received 83% of world income, while the rest had only 17%, while the share of their poorest part was only 1.4%.

"Fed North" and "Hungry South". The South, which cannot provide its inhabitants not only with food and shelter, but also with spiritual food. India gives the world 1/3 of all illiterates, China a fourth, the US and Canada spend 90 times more per capita on education than many African countries. There is no getting away from this ratio. At the United Nations Conference on the Environment and the World Outlook (June 1992), Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundland of Norway stated: “Human history has reached a watershed beyond which policy change becomes inevitable. Over a billion people unable to meet their basic needs, our own children and grandchildren, and planet Earth itself are demanding a revolution. She's coming. We know that we have the ability to prevent the danger, chaos and conflict that are otherwise inevitable.” Needless to say, the words are harsh and truthful. However, years pass, and nothing significant happens. Angry warnings, alarming forecasts have not yet brought the bulk of politicians and even ordinary people out of a state that could be called the well-aimed Russian word “maybe”.

Perhaps it will carry over, troubles and sorrows will resolve themselves, thunder will not strike. But you have to face the truth. The trends that give rise to anxiety have already been identified. It is no coincidence that the motley concepts of global development are sometimes characterized as a search for a "survival strategy". It is no longer about how to "live", but about how to "survive", and this cannot but arouse deep concern among all thinking people.

The threat of thermonuclear fire still remains. The ghost of "doomsday", the global destruction of everyone and everything still roams the planet. The possibilities of the emergence of a "burning flame" and the subsequent "nuclear winter" are by no means abstract, they have visible features. In the 1981 UN Declaration on the Prevention of Nuclear Catastrophe, it was stated that any actions pushing the world towards a nuclear catastrophe are incompatible with the laws of human morality and the lofty ideals of the UN Charter. However, nuclear weapons have not ceased. The moratorium on underground nuclear tests is violated either by China, or by France, or by other members of the "nuclear club". The people of the Earth have not yet ceased to be hostages of atomic mythology and nuclear maniacs. Far from everyone has yet realized, felt that nuclear power is not so much a muscle as a cancerous tumor.

Now the danger of a direct military clash between nuclear superpowers seems to have decreased, but at the same time, the threat of a blind technological accident - the "Chernobyl option" - has not disappeared, and even increased. By the way, the causes of the disaster at Pripyat have not yet been established. There are many versions, but the versions are not yet true. Any technique, as history testifies, will ever break. And no one gives absolute harmony from the repetition of Chernobyl. We must not forget that more than 430 nuclear power plants are currently operating on the planet, and their number is increasing. Armenia has restored its nuclear power plants, China intends to build 15 new nuclear power plants.

The spread of nuclear technology is leading to the same. India, Pakistan, South Africa, Israel and a number of other states are already ready for the production of nuclear weapons. There is a growing danger that nuclear weapons will fall into the hands of irresponsible political adventurers and even criminal elements.

The second threat is the impending proximity of an ecological catastrophe. Our cradle and abode are in danger. History decreed that earthly nature, our ecological niche, is experiencing a state of increasing instability. The relationship "man - nature" in its significance begins to overlap our economic concerns, political worries and theoretical word disputes.

What is the essence of the environmental threat? The fact that the growing pressure of anthropogenic factors on the biosphere can lead to a complete break in the natural cycles of reproduction of biological resources, self-purification of soil, water, atmosphere. This gives rise to a "collapse" - a sharp and rapid deterioration of the environmental situation, which can lead to a fleeting death of the planet's population. There has been talk about the coming destructive processes for quite a long time. Many ominous facts, figures, estimates have been cited and are being cited. They are not talking, but are already shouting about a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, an increase in the "greenhouse effect", the spreading of ozone holes, and the non-stop pollution of natural waters. It is estimated that at least 1.2 billion people live with acute shortage of drinking water. Biologists record that every day as a result of human activity the world loses 150 species of animals and plants.

Global ecology as a set of ideas and practical acts to optimize the relationship between humanity and Nature, to ensure their co-evolutionary development should be the subject of reflection and application, politicians and economists, all " the mighty of the world this." Otherwise - hopelessness and servile expectation of the ecological version of the Day of Judgment. It is necessary to outline those "limits of development" under which the horror of a universal catastrophe can be avoided.

There is a sharp shortage of agricultural land in the world. It is estimated that by the end of the century there will be 44 million landless households in India alone. Since 1984, world grain production has grown by only one percent each year, twice as fast as population growth. This figure is depressing. All this creates a situation in which the cost of increasing the production of the world's gross product (from fuel to daily bread, from cement to alloys and composites) will exceed the price that society is able to pay for this increase.

The demographic situation on the planet is changing significantly. The process of irresistible growth of the Earth's population (in the 1900s - 8 thousand people per hour, in the 80s - 10 thousand people per hour, and today - 12 thousand people per hour) is uneven. In our country, against the background of ongoing social cataclysms, the death rate per 1 million people a year exceeds the birth rate. Russia began to die out. In developed countries, growth is minimal or non-existent. But the "third world" continues to grow rapidly.

Demographers believe that the maximum population of the Earth is no more than 10 billion people. This figure will be reached by the 30s. 21st century Many claim that it is too high. So, what of thinking global; concerted measures to optimize the demographic shaft will not go anywhere.

There is an acute problem of stopping the pollution of the living environment by xenobiotics (ie, substances hostile to life). Chemical, radiation pollution is increasing. The sphere of our common human heritage has fallen into the danger zone: the World Ocean, outer space, Antarctica. There is only one conclusion: it is necessary to speak with Nature in a language that she understands. The time has passed when the motto of the breeder I. V. Michurin was famously proclaimed in our country: “We cannot wait for favors from nature, it is our task to take them from her.” Now it is paraphrased with bitter wit: "We cannot expect favors from nature - after what we have done to her."

The power of man turned against him. This is the core of the environmental problem. Note that the environmental challenge is no less, if not more, dangerous and tragic than the economic and political ones. But we must also admit that it is impossible to answer it without radical shifts in the world economy and politics, in the minds of leaders and millions.

The third threat is the danger hanging over the human corporality. Under the sword of Damocles is not only "external" nature, the ecological niche in which we live, but also our "internal" Nature: our body, flesh, human corporeality. The body is not a joke thing. We come into this world with him and leave our mortal bodily remnants, leaving it. The body brings great joy and cruelly torments us with ailments and ailments. Physical health is always in one of the first places in the system of human values. And it is all the more alarming to hear the growing warnings of biologists, geneticists, physicians that we are facing a dangerous line. The genetic burden of human populations is growing. A sharp weakening of the human immune apparatus is recorded everywhere, under the influence of xenobiotics and numerous social and personal stresses.

There are visible consequences of this phenomenon. The chilling word "AIDS" is increasingly invading human life. Such a misfortune that befell mankind is the first global pandemic in history that sows death. A number of researchers believe that this is not just a disease, but some stage in the biological existence of the human race, which is associated with the unbridled mass intrusion of people into the natural foundations of their own being.

Finally, the fourth, no less terrible threat is the crisis of human spirituality. Virtually all secular and religious, global and regional, ancient and new ideologies cannot today. Even to give some convincing answer neither to the actual problems of the epoch, nor to the eternal demands of the spirit.

Defenseless, tossing, limping human thought in many cases is unable to grasp the present, maturely evaluate the past, at least somehow foresee the future. There are currently no reliable social theories and philosophical and anthropological concepts within which it would be possible to more or less definitely characterize our today and, even more so, our tomorrow. Fear, anxiety, anxiety permeate all layers of human existence.

One of the influential American philosophers, Richard Rorta, in the spring of 1995 at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences said that in the American philosophical community everyone is so tired that they hope for something to appear, but no one has the slightest idea of what it should be.

There is no fresh outlook on the world. No one has groped for the guiding thread of a large-scale world-creating character. The production of inspirational symbols and appeals somehow stumbled and choked. It is sometimes said that two ideas came to us from the 19th century that deserve to be called the ideas of the century (realizing that this is a strong simplification, one can still agree with them). One idea is socialist, the other is scientific and technological. It was believed that, based on these ideas, the people of the Earth would build a just society, gain the fullness of life, assert the freedom and dignity of the individual. Both of these ideas are now in ruins.

These are the threats. They are real. They cannot be seen. However, you should not give up, fall into hopeless pessimism, despair and dramatize everything and everyone. There are threats, but there are also hopes. Let timid, but still hope. Of course, optimism should not be blissful and groundless. One should not be like those "optimists" who, during a major earthquake, comfort: "Citizens, do not worry, everything will be settled." Nobel laureate, Frenchman Albert Camus became known as an author who wrote about the absurdity and horror of life, that we are all like slaves in a galley smelling of herring, where there are too many overseers and, perhaps, we are rowing in the wrong direction. And yet you should not throw the oars. The main thing is not to despair. Do not listen to those who scream about the end of the world. Yes, of course, we live in a tragic era. But too many people confuse the tragic with the hopeless. But didn't the Nobel laureate, Russian writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn, assert the same thing in his Harvard speech, back in 1978? He declared that if not death, then the world has now approached a turn in history, equal in significance to the turn from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance - and it will require from us a spiritual outburst, an ascent to a new height of vision, to a new level of life ... And this was said by a man who went through the Gulag, emigration, who knows the inside of life.

2. Prerequisites for the survival of man and mankind inmodern world

One can confidently point to certain hopes, prerequisites for overcoming global crisis collisions, blocking and diverting the universal threat from humanity.

The first prerequisite is the deployment of the information (computer), biotechnological revolution as a technical and technical basis for a possible way out of the situation of "survival", overcoming obstacles to the unification of mankind. The creation of some new civilization on its basis is still only being revealed, and the contours of such a civilization are still poorly discernible. But there are real trends towards the deployment of a more humanized and prosperous world community in the foreseeable future. humanity threat survival crisis

It is important to emphasize that it is this information revolution that creates an objective substantive basis that will make it possible to avert the thermonuclear and environmental threats, as well as the danger hanging over the human corporality. Whatever skeptical assessments are expressed about modern Big Science, without it - nowhere. One of the brightest modern minds, Ilya Prigozhy, said that in our "turbulent" age, we are very close to a new rethinking of the world. We are in the face of a new universe, a new nature, it takes time to restore or establish ways of understanding this new nature that we are discovering. A new understanding of the world, new mathematical means, new physical and technical tools - all this will help to understand Time, the Universe in a new way, to see the world differently and make appropriate decisions.

The second prerequisite is the establishment of a mixed market and socially protected economy with elements of a convergent type as the dominant type of world economy. This form of economic relations will contribute to linking the interests of different economic entities, harmonizing ties, finding a balance between economic efficiency and social justice.

Equally unjustified are both a super-centralized economy with overwhelming state ownership and a radical-liberal economy with throwing around selfish proprietors and the hope that the mute automation of the market will put everything in its place. Of course, stereotyped monotonous structures can hardly be applied everywhere. The economic traditions of the United States and the economic habits of Somalia are not the same thing. Labor relations in France and Japan are different. Consumer demands in Sweden and Kyrgyzstan do not match. But the direction of the general search for an optimal economic arrangement, the relationship between the plan and the market, has already been determined in its main features. And this will serve to strengthen world economic ties and solve global problems.

The third prerequisite is the formation of the principle of non-violence and democratic consent in foreign and domestic policy, in group and interpersonal relations. Regrettably, but aggression, violence were the eternal companions of history. Wars, coups, blood accompany all significant events. F. Nietzsche, arrogantly calling a person "superchimpanzee", believed that violence is an organic way of mutual communication for people. Sigmund Freud considered aggressiveness an irremovable moment of human behavior. Nobel Prize winner Konrad Lorenz bluntly argued that there are good reasons to consider intraspecific aggression the most serious danger that threatens humanity in the current conditions of cultural, historical and technological development.

At the same time, many major thinkers - from M. Gandhi, L. Tolstoy, Martin Luther King Jr. to Erich Fromm and Pope John Paul II believed that aggression, violence, destruction are by no means eternal and do not play a leading role in human motivations. Over the altruistic ideas of M. Gandhi and M. King, over the calls of Leo Tolstoy to non-violence, cynics and mundane pragmatists laughed a lot, giggled. AND today there are many who argue that the growth of violence is the defining trend of reality. They say that a new "inter-confessional" messiah is needed, and only he will break the age-old ring of enmity and hatred.

Yes, staying on the ground of reality, we see that shots are still ringing, human blood is shed, hatred is blinding and the “image of the enemy” does not disappear. However, at considerable cost, through retreats and stops, the idea of moving from the cult of force to dialogue, the search for agreement on mutually acceptable solutions, is making its way. The terms "consensus", "negotiation process", "compromise" are becoming permanent in international and domestic politics. The general confidence that the "big battalions" are always right, hopes that only with the help of force it is possible to change the world for the better, is replaced by an orientation towards a peaceful solution of even the most acute problems. Jim Sharp, an American political scientist, in his three-volume study "The Politics of Nonviolent Action" described 198 methods of nonviolent struggle (including forms of symbolic protest, social boycott, nonviolent intervention, etc.).

The fourth prerequisite is the unifying (ecumenical) processes of spiritual life in both religious and secular versions. At considerable expense, there is a search for something that can bring together liberal and socialist thought, the attitudes of the Vatican and Orthodoxy, the Western mentality and Eastern etiquette. Attempts to support these processes are not rare. The Vatican has already suggested to the hierarchs of Orthodoxy that they find ways to overcome the church schism that has been going on since 1054. Social democratic leaders are striving to find common ground with the communists and conservatives.

Attempts at ideological rapprochement and mutual understanding are being renewed all the time. They are still weak, timid, insecure, encountering stubborn resistance from fundamentalists of all colors. And yet, there is a process of accepting tolerance (tolerance), rejecting stubborn ideological and spiritual confrontation, as a condition for a benevolent search for mutually acceptable values.

The fifth prerequisite is the steadily ongoing interethnic and intercultural integration while maintaining the autonomy and uniqueness of each ethnic group and each culture. The universalization of cultural life is increasingly unfolding against the background of the preservation of the identity of all participants in this process. International economic and cultural contacts are expanding sharply. The thesis about the “impenetrability” and complete isolation of self-sufficient peoples and their way of life has long collapsed. An intensive exchange of values is accelerating. Synthesis and mutual influence prevail over hardened isolation.

The sixth prerequisite (last but not least) is emerging breakthroughs in the field of intelligent search. Sometimes they even say that we are on the eve of an intellectual revolution. The largest scientists of our time say that; that we are in the face of a New Universe, a new nature, and now the human intellect, as it were, is again moving from a state of mental satisfaction to a state of puzzlement, surprise.

It is worth noting that now there is an acute issue of finding acceptable contacts between the rational and non-rational, scientific and technical, aesthetic and mystical in the development of reality. The ruptures and rejections from each other of different aspects of the human spirit revealed all their perniciousness and unsteadiness.

Concluding the review of visible hopes, let's say about the need to construct a global ethics, universal moral principles that strengthen all-human solidarity. Wisdom and conscience are higher than the straightforward truths of dry-rational knowledge. Knowledge that is not ennobled by eternal values, that is not multiplied by the idea of the good, that does not affirm justice, can lead to universal destruction. Without an ethic of human solidarity, threats cannot be deflected and hopes cannot be met. These are the grounds for getting out of the global crisis in which we are immersed.

Bibliography

1. Davidovich V., Abolina R. Who are you humanity. - M., 1975.

2. Ivanitsky G.R. New start or last finish // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Volume. 70. 2000. No. 3. - S. 203 - 214.

3. Ilyichev A. A. School of survival. - M., 1993.

4. Knyazev V.P. Man and technology. Kyiv, 1990.

5. Korostelev V. G. From "A" to "I". - M., 1995.

6. Fundamentals of life safety: Handbook. - M.: AST, 1997.

7. Petrov N. N. Man in emergency situations. - Chelyabinsk: YuUK, 1993.

8. Tavrizyan G. M. Technique. Culture. Human. M., 1988.

9. School of Survival / Ed. S. I. Samygina. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998.

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