Typology of family relations. Typology of families. Family education Typology of the modern family and possible psychological problems
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Typology of modern families
Each family chooses its own concept, style, methods and means of education used in education. At the same time, in a number of families, problems have already been laid down from the very beginning, which negatively affect the upbringing of the younger generation. IN modern science There are many family typologies, both positive and negative.
Typology, which is based on the ability of the family to solve the normative and non-normative crises that arise before it:
Families in which the system of interactions is flexible enough, whose members are free to express their feelings and desires, and discuss all emerging problems together, which makes it possible to find new patterns of relationships, to adequately change the family structure.
Families in which the main efforts are aimed at maintaining harmony and unity in front of the outside world, achieved by subordinating the will and desires of all to the will and desires of one (head, leader, etc.) and in which therefore any individual differences are excluded. These families to a large extent need support and protection, but because of their "closedness" to the outside world, it is possible to apply for it only in the event of events that seem to "explode" the boundaries of the family and become known. These can be mental illness, violence against family members, etc.
Families in which interactions are chaotic and based on incessant disputes and conflicts leading to a crisis, and past experience does not serve as a guide for future behavior. These families have a chaotic structure, low organization, conflict and almost no potential of their own to resolve crisis situations. Therefore, they are most in need of social support.
Typology of the family according to its functional viability.
Families can be conditionally divided into functionally wealthy and functionally insolvent (“risk group”). Among functionally insolvent families, i.e. 50 to 60% of families unable to cope with the upbringing of children are families characterized by unfavorable socio-psychological factors, the so-called conflict families, where spouse relations are chronically aggravated, and pedagogically incompetent families with a low psychological and pedagogical culture of parents, the wrong style of children's parental relationships. A wide variety of incorrect styles of parent-child relationships are observed: rigid-authoritarian, pedantic-suspicious, exhorting, inconsistent, detached-indifferent, condoning-indulgent, etc.
At the same time, there are a significant number of families who are not aware of their problems, the conditions in which are so difficult that they threaten the life and health of children. These are, as a rule, families with criminal risk factors, where parents, due to their antisocial or criminal lifestyle, do not create elementary conditions for raising children, abuse of children and women is allowed, and children and adolescents are involved in criminal and antisocial activities.
Among families with parents incapacitated for various reasons, a significant number are families with underage or studying parents, underage single mothers, disabled parents, chronically ill, disabled parents who need both material and socio-psychological assistance and support.
A typology of the family, taking into account the specifics of the desocializing influence exerted by the family on its members.
Families with direct desocializing influence demonstrate antisocial behavior and antisocial orientations, thus acting as institutions of desocialization. These are criminal-immoral families, in which criminal risk factors predominate, and asocial-immoral families, which are characterized by antisocial attitudes and orientations.
Criminal and immoral families pose the greatest danger in terms of their negative impact on children. The life of children in such families due to the lack of elementary care for their maintenance, abuse, drunken brawls, sexual promiscuity of parents is often in jeopardy. These are the so-called social orphans (orphans with living parents), whose upbringing should be entrusted to state public care. Otherwise, the child will experience early vagrancy, runaways from home, complete social vulnerability both from abuse in the family and from the criminalizing influence of criminal formations.
The asocial-immoral type includes families with frankly acquisitive orientations, in which there are no moral norms and restrictions. The situation in these families may look decent, the standard of living is quite high, but spiritual aspirations are replaced by exclusively acquisitive goals with very indiscriminate means to achieve them. Such families also have a desocializing influence on children, directly instilling in them antisocial views and value orientations. This category of families and minors is especially difficult for corrective and preventive work. Despite the negative impact that parents have on children, as a rule, there is no formal reason for taking a decision to remove a child from such families (as in the previous case). Here is a high level of material well-being, a sober lifestyle, the desire of parents to take care of their children.
Families with indirect desocializing influence experience difficulties of a socio-psychological and psychological-pedagogical nature, expressed in violations of marital and parent-child relationships. This includes conflict and pedagogically insolvent families.
A different approach is required by families with indirect desocializing influence - conflicting and pedagogically untenable. In a conflict family, for various psychological reasons, the personal relationships of spouses are built not on the principle of mutual respect and understanding, but on the principle of conflict, alienation. Conflict families can be both noisy, scandalous, where increased tones, irritability become the norm of relations between spouses, and “quiet”, where relations between spouses are characterized by complete alienation, the desire to avoid any interaction. In all cases, a conflict family negatively affects the formation of a child's personality and can cause various asocial manifestations.
The most common are pedagogically incompetent families in which, under relatively favorable conditions (a healthy family atmosphere, leading a correct lifestyle and caring parents), relationships with children are formed incorrectly, serious pedagogical miscalculations are made, leading to various asocial manifestations in the minds and behavior of children. . Pedagogically insolvent and conflict families do not have a direct desocializing effect on children. The formation of antisocial orientations in children occurs because, due to pedagogical errors, a difficult moral and psychological atmosphere, the educational role of the family is lost here, and in terms of the degree of its influence, it begins to yield to other institutions of socialization that play an unfavorable role.
Typology of the family according to the type of educational mistakes.
Families with a condescending and condescending style of upbringing, when parents do not attach importance to the misconduct of children, do not see anything terrible in them, believe that “all children are like that”, that “we ourselves were the same”. In such cases, it can be difficult for a teacher or a psychologist to change the benevolent, self-complacent mood of such parents, to force them to seriously respond to problematic moments in the child's behavior.
Families with a position of circular defense of education build their relationships with others according to the principle "our child is always right." Such parents are very aggressive towards anyone who points out the wrong behavior of their children. Even the commission of a serious crime by a teenager in this case does not sober up fathers and mothers. They continue to look for the perpetrators on the side. Children from such families suffer from particularly severe defects in moral consciousness, they are deceitful and cruel, and it is very difficult to re-educate.
Families with a demonstrative style of upbringing, when parents, more often a mother, do not hesitate to complain to anyone and everyone about their child, tell at every corner about his misdeeds, clearly exaggerating the degree of their danger, say out loud that he is growing up as a “bandit”, etc. . This leads to the loss of shame in the child, a sense of remorse for his actions, removes internal control over his behavior, causes anger towards adults and parents.
Families with a pedantic-suspicious style of upbringing, in which parents do not believe, do not trust their children, subject them to offensive total control, try to completely isolate them from their peers, friends, strive to absolutely control the child's free time, his range of interests, activities, communication.
Families with a rigidly authoritarian parenting style, in which parents abuse physical punishment. The father is more inclined to this style of relationship, striving for every reason to severely beat the child, believing that there is only one effective educational technique - brutal reprisal. Children usually in such cases grow up aggressive, cruel, tend to offend the weak, small, defenseless.
Families with an exhorting style of upbringing, where, in contrast to the rigidly authoritarian style, parents show complete helplessness towards their children, they prefer to exhort, endlessly persuade, explain, without applying any volitional influences and punishments. Children in such families, as they say, "sit on their heads."
Families with detached-indifferent parenting style. This style occurs, as a rule, in families where parents, in particular the mother, are absorbed in the organization of their personal lives. Having remarried, the mother finds neither time nor spiritual strength for her children from her first marriage, she is indifferent both to the children themselves and to their actions. Children are left to their own devices, they feel superfluous, they tend to be at home less, they perceive with pain the indifferently detached attitude of their mother.
Families with upbringing according to the type of "family idol". This attitude often arises in relation to late children, when the long-awaited child is finally born to elderly parents or a single woman. In such cases, they are ready to pray for the child, all his requests and whims are fulfilled, as a result, he develops extreme egocentrism, selfishness, the first victims of which are the parents themselves.
Families with an inconsistent style of upbringing, when parents, especially the mother, do not have enough endurance, self-control to implement consistent educational tactics in the family. There are sharp emotional swings in relations with children - from punishment, tears, abuse to touching and caressing manifestations, which leads to the loss of parental authority. A teenager becomes uncontrollable, unpredictable, neglects the opinion of elders, parents.
Thus, the type of family largely determines the character that will be formed in the child.
| Table of contents |
|---|
| Theoretical Foundations of the Psychology of Education of a Schoolchild. |
| DIDACTIC PLAN |
| The subject of educational psychology |
| The process of education as a psychological problem |
| The Purpose of Educational Psychology |
| Patterns and principles of education |
| Methods of psychology of education |
| Raising a child at various stages of development of society |
| Basic concepts and models of education in the family |
| Typology of modern families |
| Violations of family education |
| Family parenting style and its impact on child development |
| Style of family education of a preschool child |
The family is the initial structural unit of society, laying the foundations of the individual. It is connected by blood and family relations and unites spouses, children and parents, including several generations at the same time.
The goals of family education are:
1) the formation of such qualities and personality traits that will help to adequately overcome the difficulties and obstacles encountered on the path of life;
2) the development of intelligence and creative abilities, cognitive forces and primary work experience, moral and aesthetic principles, emotional culture and physical health of children - all this depends on the family, on parents and is the main goal of education.
For effective family education, it is necessary to form in the parents themselves a pedagogically expedient focus on constant and mutually beneficial communication with their own children.
Importance of raising children in a family:
1) the family creates for the child the model of life in which he is included;
2) the influence of parents on their own children should ensure their physical perfection and moral purity;
3) often family circumstances and conditions in which children were born and raised leave an imprint on their whole life and even predetermine their fate.
In modern conditions, children need education:
1) reasonable practicality;
2) business calculation;
3) honest enterprise.
First of all, parents should master all this.
Pedagogically expedient parental love is love for a child for the sake of his future, in contrast to love for the sake of satisfying his own momentary parental feelings. Blind, unreasonable parental love leads to negative consequences:
1) shifts the system of moral values in the minds of children, gives rise to consumerism;
2) forms in children a disregard for work, dulls the feeling of gratitude and disinterested love for parents and other relatives.
Parents for children are the life ideal. In the family, the efforts of all participants in the educational process are coordinated:
2) teachers;
3) friends.
Family typology by family length: newlyweds, young family, family expecting a child, family of middle marital age, family of older marital age, elderly couple. Among them, young families, families of middle marital age and elderly families require the closest attention of a specialist in the socio-pedagogical sphere.
Family typology by number of children: childless or infertile family; small family; the large family.
Typology according to the quality of family life: prosperous, stable, dysfunctional, unstable, problematic and others. Today, dysfunctional families, which for a certain time are not able to withstand the impact of destabilizing extra-family and intra-family factors, require special attention of specialists in the socio-pedagogical sphere.
Family typology by types of relations between spouses: families with cooperative relations, families with parity relations, families with competitive relations, families with competitive relations, families with antagonistic relations.
Typology by styles of family relationships: a family with a condoning style of relationships, a family with an authoritarian style of relationships, a family with a democratic style of relationships.
The importance of the family in the educational process is of great importance, since it is the family that is able to satisfy almost all human needs in the development and preservation of the individual.
There are the following styles of family education: adversarial, permissive, reasonable, precautionary, harmonious, sympathetic, controlling.
The formation of styles of family education of a child occurs as a result of the action of various factors (objective or subjective). The following factors influence the choice of parenting style:
1) public opinion;
2) the level of morality of the family;
3) the degree of trust in scientific and pedagogical literature;
4) temperament of parents and close relatives;
5) family traditions;
6) interpersonal relationships of parents.
IN modern world there is no single type of family. According to the criterion of management, there are:
-totemic clan, characterized by belief in a common ancestor, the preservation of group marriage, the counting of descent through the mother;
- home community- living together for several generations under female or male control;
-patriarchal family- the head, who (often an older man, but there are exceptions) is the sole owner of the property and therefore the manager and manager of the entire life of the family community, uniting several generations under one roof. Functional responsibilities in such a family are clearly defined and traditional, therefore this form of family is also called "traditional";
- neotraditional family is the transformation of the patriarchal in modern conditions. It differs from the traditional patriarchal one in that it retains a focus on male leadership and a distinction between male and female responsibilities, but without sufficient objective economic grounds. Sociologists call this type of family exploitative, because along with the right to equal participation in social work with men, a woman receives an “exclusive” right to domestic work;
-egalitarian family- this is already a real, but not yet the dominant form of government modern family. Such a family is characterized by the following features:
a) a fair, proportional division of household duties among family members;
b) interchangeability of spouses in solving everyday problems (“role symmetry”);
c) discussion of the main problems and joint adoption of important decisions for the family;
d) emotional richness of relationships.
According to the criterion of structure, families are distinguished:
- extended the family includes representatives of at least three generations of relatives: grandparents - grandfather and grandmother, parents - father and mother, children (grandchildren) - sons and daughters (grandchildren and granddaughters), sometimes there are great-grandchildren, less often great-great-grandchildren. An incomplete extended family is most often formed after the death of one of the older parents, when the left one unites with the family of a son or daughter.
-nuclear(lat. Nucleus - core) . consists of two generations - parents and children. In Europe, about 80% of nuclear families, in Russia - about 60%.
- incomplete called a family without one of the parents. Most often this is a post-divorce family, but a single mother's family has become very common in the 20th century.
According to the criterion of childhood, they distinguish:
Families childless- These are young families before the birth of their first child, as well as married couples who are not able to have children or do not want to have them. There are currently more than 15% of such people in Russia, but there are alarming data on the growth of this category.
- one-childfamilies is also a difficult problem for any society, since such families do not provide even simple reproduction. In Russia, there are about half of such families, which is the main reason for the depopulation that began in the 1990s. - small children called families with two children. This is the second largest group of Russian families. As for families
-large families, that is, different opinions about the starting point for the number of children to be assigned to this category. Some believe that large families begin with three children, and the administration of some cities even issues certificates of large families to such families and assigns certain benefits. If we calculate according to this method, then there are more than 10% of large families in Russia. However, the majority proceeds from the criterion of large families established back in the Soviet Union - five or more, for which the mother in those days was awarded medals and orders. A little more than 1% of families correspond to this indicator.
According to the criterion of the social status of spouses, families can be:
- homogeneous(homogamous), where spouses have the same social origin and social status;
- heterogeneous(heterogamous) , if the marriage was unequal - by age, ethnicity, confessional affiliation or other socially significant sign.
Sociologists also divide families into parental ones, i.e. families of origin and procreation, i.e. created by adult children separated from their parents.
IN modern statistics Families are subdivided into types on a demographic basis - gender, age, kinship relations, as well as on the number of employees, on social and national affiliation, and other indicators. This classification allows you to calculate some general indicators:
Share of incomplete families;
The share of simple and complex families,
Families are childless and have many children, which is important in the development of social programs and social policy in general.
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Introduction
1. The concept of the family, functions and structure
1.1 Definition of family
1.2 Functions of the family
1.3 Typology of family structures
2. The social essence of the family
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The family is one of the most ancient social institutions: it arose in the depths of primitive society much earlier than classes, nations and states. The social value of the family is due to its "production and reproduction" of immediate life, the upbringing of children, the formation of their individual consciousness.
In the process of historical development, the relations of the family and society, family and individual, were constantly changing under the influence of the mode of production that prevailed in a given society, the way of life and social relations. The progress of society was largely associated with the regulation of relations between men and women, with a decrease in discrimination against women in production, in the social and spiritual spheres, with a significant change in the functions of the family, and the creation of conditions for improving marriage family relations, increasing their educational potential.
The institution of the family at the present stage of human development is undergoing serious changes, and according to some researchers, a crisis. family sociology social society
Let us try to pay attention to some problems related to the family within the framework of sociology. Consider the concept, structure and functions of the family, trends in the historical change of the family, as well as the social essence of the family.
1. The concept of the family, functions and structure
The family, from whatever point of view it is considered, is such a multi-layered social formation that it is not surprising that it is mentioned in almost all sections of sociology. It combines the properties of social organization, social structure, an institute and a small group, is included in the subject of study of the sociology of education and, more broadly, socialization; sociology of education, politics and law, labor, culture, etc., allows you to better understand the processes of social control and social disorganization, social mobility, migration and demographic changes. Without turning to the family, applied research in many areas of production and consumption, mass communications is unthinkable; it is easily described in terms of social behavior, decision-making, the construction of social realities, etc.
Interest in the family, in addition to the actual meaningful study of its multifunctionality, is supported by a cognitive interest in its unique intermediary role, due to its sociocultural nature as a phenomenon that is borderline in its essence, located at the intersection of structures in any construction of society and at the border of macro- and microanalysis. The family has the ability to reduce social processes to the results of the social behavior of the microenvironment, and allows deriving global trends from empirically researched facts.
Proceeding from this, the definitions of the family should strive to combine different-quality manifestations of family universality and, above all, the definitions should combine, and not oppose each other, the signs of the family as a social institution and as a social group. By resorting to ideas about family-wide activities or family behavior, one can obtain satisfactory definitions of the family that combine the different qualities of family, marriage and kinship.
1.1 Definition of family
Family definition. There are many definitions of the family that single out various aspects of family life as family-forming relations, ranging from the simplest and extremely expansive (for example, a family is a group of people who love each other, or a group of people who have common ancestors, or live together) and ending with extensive lists of family traits. Among the definitions of the family, taking into account the criteria for population reproduction and socio-psychological integrity, the definition of the family "as a historically specific system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children, as a small group whose members are connected by marriage or family relations, common life and mutual moral responsibility and the social need for which is due to the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population, "given by A. G. Kharchev.
The family is created by the parent-child relationship, and marriage is a legitimate recognition of those relations between a man and a woman, those forms of cohabitation or sexual partnership that are accompanied by the birth of children. For a more complete understanding of the essence of the family, one should keep in mind the spatial localization of the family - housing, house, property - and the economic basis of the family, the family-wide activities of parents and children that go beyond the narrow horizons of everyday life and consumerism.
Thus, the family is a community of people based on a single family-wide activity, connected by bonds of matrimony-parenthood-kinship, and thereby carrying out the reproduction of the population and the continuity of family generations, as well as the socialization of children and the maintenance of the existence of family members.
Only the presence of the triune relationship of matrimony-parenthood-kinship allows us to speak of the construction of the family as such in its strict form. The fact of one or two of these relationships characterizes the fragmentation of family groups that were formerly proper families (due to the maturation and separation of children, the breakup of a family due to illness, the death of its members, due to divorce and other types of family disorganization), or which have not yet become families (for example, families of newlyweds, characterized only by marriage and, due to the absence of children, do not have parenthood (paternity, motherhood) and consanguinity of children and parents, brothers and sisters).
The presence of such relationships (i.e., families in the strict sense of the word) is found in the vast majority of families in the country. On the other hand, the non-family population consists of those who are a parent but are not married, or are in de facto or legal marriage without children. For all these fragmented, "splintered" forms of the family, the term "family group" is better suited, which means a group of people who lead a joint household and are united only by kinship, or by parenthood or marriage.
Usually, a married couple is considered the "core" of a family, and all statistical classifications of family composition are built depending on the addition of children, relatives, parents of spouses to the "core". From a sociological point of view, it is more correct to take as a basis the most common type of family in the population with a trinity of named relationships - the main type of family, and those family associations that are formed by subtracting one of the three relationships, it is better to call family groups. This clarification is due to the fact that in recent years in the sociology of the family in the West and in our country, a tendency has become noticeable to reduce the essence of the family to any of the three relationships, most often to marriage, and even partnership. It is no coincidence that in the American Encyclopedia of Marriage and the Family by M. Sasmen and Susan Stenmets, a number of chapters are devoted to "alternative forms" of the family, i.e. what is more accurate to call family groups, although in fact these chapters refer to marriage, rather even to partnership or cohabitation.
1.2 Functions of the family
The vital activity of the family, directly related to the satisfaction of the needs of its members, is called the function of the family. The fulfillment by the family of its functions is important not only for its members, but also for society as a whole.
The family performs a variety of important social functions. features:
1. reproductive, i.e. biological reproduction of the population;
2. socialization of children, educational, cultural reproduction of society;
Secondary functions:
1. communication in different aspects - within the family and with the outside world,
2. regulatory - regulates the behavior of its members,
3. accumulation and transfer of property and status,
4. recreational - material and moral conditions of rest.
These functions in one form or another and volume take place in families, in each family their ratio is different. Historically, some functions die off, for example, production, other functions are strengthened. There is a gradual transition from a patriarchal family with the undeniable authority and power of the father to an egalitarian family, in which the man ceases to be the sole creator of the material base of the family. The role of the breadwinner is performed by both the woman and the man. The recreational function of the family existed both in the 19th and 20th centuries only in its infancy, since within the framework of the family not so much recreation was carried out as joint production. Now productive activity has been withdrawn mainly from the family, and the family has become the main place of recreation. In general, a change in functions, the loss of some and the emergence of others is called dysfunction. The result of family dysfunction is the emergence of new types of families. This process has always existed, but in the second half of the 20th century the change in functions occurs so rapidly that almost all functions have changed, including the reproductive function.
From the point of view of the functions of the family in sociology, problems are considered - the discrepancy between the functioning of the family and social needs: low birth rate, high divorce rate, low educational potential, etc.
1.3 Typology of family structures
Today, the predominant type of family is simple nuclear families, consisting of spouses with or without children. There are 2/3 of such families in the structure Russian Federation. The second largest place is occupied by incomplete families - one of the parents with children. There are about 15% of such families. An incomplete family can become either as a result of a divorce, or as a result of widowhood, or when a child is born to a single woman. If three generations live under one roof: a pair of ancestors (or one of them), adults, children and grandchildren, we are talking about the extended (multi-generational) family. A combination of a complex and incomplete family is possible.
The predominance of nuclear families is the result of a rather stable and long process caused by the increase in the mobility of the population and mass urbanization, the expansion of housing construction and the emancipation of adult children from the traditional power of parental authority.
As already mentioned, a significant part of the families are incomplete families. These include families consisting of a single mother with a child (children), a divorced woman (man) with children, a widow (widower) with a child (children). Incomplete families, which, due to objective or subjective reasons, are in a difficult life situation and need the support of the state system of social protection, are classified as a group of social risk. If such families do not receive timely assistance, then they move into the category of dysfunctional families.
Of particular importance is the typology of families, which contains information about the structure of power in the family, about the predominant family functions of men and women, and about the specifics of intra-family leadership. In accordance with these criteria, the following types of families are distinguished: traditional patriarchal, traditional matriarchal, neopatriarchal, neomatriarchal and egalitarian.
In a traditional patriarchal family, the husband is its indisputable head, the dependence of the wife on the husband, and the children on the parents, is pronounced. The role of the owner, earner, breadwinner is assigned to the man. In a traditional matriarchal family, personal headship belongs to a woman. The division of family power is also realized in modern married couples. In order to prevent destructive conflicts, it is necessary that such a separation suits both spouses and contributes to the fulfillment of the family's functions. The traditional model of the family may be quite acceptable if the spouses' positions regarding the power structure are consistent. Applied to the family, the famous question of power is the question of family leadership, or more precisely, headship. The head of the family combines both the leader and the manager.
In a neopatriarchal family, the husband is the strategic and business leader, and the wife is the tactical and emotional leader. The spouse determines the long-term direction of the family, and the spouse develops short-term plans that are easily and quickly correlated with the specific actions of family members. The wife finds life support in her husband.
In the neo-matriarchal family, the opposite is true. common feature of these types of families - the joint leadership of husband and wife in the division of their spheres of influence.
The egalitarian family assumes complete and genuine equality of husband and wife in all matters without exception. family life. It is this type of family that is approved by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
The modern family in the industrialized countries of the world has significant potential for the development of a bi-career family. This is a type of family in which the professional interests of husband and wife are equally significant, and both spouses successfully combine the values of creating their own family and building a career in their chosen profession.
Another criterion for the typology of marriage and family is the number of marriage partners. In this case, monogamy is distinguished - a marriage concluded between one man and one woman, and polygamy - a marriage that includes several partners. Polygamy is divided into two variants: polygyny (polygamy) - the marriage of one man with two or more women, and polyandry (polyandry) - the marriage of several men with one woman.
The existence of polygamy can be explained from the standpoint of sociobiology, which sees in such a marriage an evolutionary genetic continuity with the mating behavior of higher primates.
Monogamy prevails in most known societies, is a socially progressive form of marriage, and has significant evolutionary material. The development of marriage took place along the line of accumulation of normative restrictions on sexual freedom, and, consequently, a decrease in the number of persons with whom an individual could have sexual relations. Classical monogamy is lifelong monogamy, a separate couple enters into marriage once and for life, binding themselves with mutual obligations.
Researchers also distinguish serial monogamy, or sequential polygamy, which suggests that at a certain period of time a man (woman) is married to one partner, but during the life of such marital unions he (she) has more than one. The prospects for this type of marriage are associated with the stability of the life strategy of remarriage in an individual.
2. The social essence of the family
Sociology studies the family as an integral attribute of the life of society, as the "family coordinate" of the social system. The efforts of society are aimed at maintaining their own existence in constantly changing living conditions, incl. influenced by human activity.
The existence of a social system has two sides: the existence of social relationships, social structure, together with the bearers of social statuses, people, and reproduction, re-creation social networks and structures, as well as the people themselves as individuals, the numerical replacement of some generations by others, which allows filling places in the hierarchical organization in connection with the retirement or physical death of status and role bearers. With ??? m nothing is said about the reproduction of people as individuals - a person as a system of social, psychological and physiological qualities is unique, therefore, irreproducible. Why in sociology and demography they talk about the reproduction of the population (generations), and not about the "reproduction" of people. In the event that the essence of the personality???has moved towards the instrumental personification of status and functioning as a performer of social roles, then there would be no mention of any social changes, there would be no history - the repetition of the past would triumph, copying of what has already been created.
Since the change of generations is accompanied by the socialization of the individual, the formation, "making" of the human I, primarily in the family, changes in behavior, lifestyle, in the performance of old roles and changes associated with the innovations of the structures themselves are observed. Thus, the reproduction of the population is characterized by the birth of individuals, the quantitative replacement of holders of statuses and roles. The reproduction of the population creates the demographic environment of society, while the social processes leading to the formation and functioning of individuals not only maintain existing structures and institutions, but also change them. These changes in society in turn affect demographic processes, as a result of which the mode of population reproduction may turn out to be less or more favorable. The same applies to the family processes of socialization and maintenance of children.
The foregoing makes it possible to understand by no means the passive significance of the institution of the family. The family is not doomed to exclusively adapt to changing historical conditions, to the way of life and the social order. The family occupies a key position among social institutions in terms of its existential essence - to maintain the existence of family members and, by birth, to socialize children. The family will be such an evolutionary invention of mankind, which harmoniously combines its own existence with the extension of the family clan, surname, and thereby provides other social institutions with status-role performers, contributing to their survival and the existence of society as a whole. The intermediary significance of the family acquires another dimension - through the existence and continuity of family generations, the reproduction of the population in society, the reproduction of labor resources and bearers of social roles is achieved.
Based on all of the above, we come to the conclusion that the social necessity in the family will be a condition for the functioning of the entire social structure, society itself.
Conclusion
The family is a complex social phenomenon in which diverse forms of social relations and processes are intertwined and which has numerous social functions. It is difficult to find another social group in which so many diverse human and social needs would be satisfied. It is such a social group in which the basic processes of human life unfold and which is so connected with the life of each individual that it leaves an imprint on his entire development. Therefore, the family is the social group that a person most easily identifies with himself, with his interests and in general with his existence. All this leads to the fact that in relation to the family it is not at all so easy to undertake an objective scientific study. As the American sociologist W. Good noted, “we know too much about the family to investigate it objectively.”
So, the family as a cell of society is an inseparable part of society. And the life of society is characterized by the same spiritual and material processes as the life of a family. The higher the culture of the family, therefore, the higher the culture of the whole society. Society consists of people who are fathers and mothers in their families, as well as their children. In this regard, the roles of father and mother in the family, and in particular the educational function of the family, are very important. After all, how parents teach their children to work, respect for elders, love for the environment and people, depends on what kind of society our children will live in. Will it be a society built on the principles of goodness and justice, or vice versa? In this case, family communication is very important. After all, communication is one of the main factors in the formation of the personality of a child, a member of society. And therefore, in family communication, moral principles are very important, the main of which is respect for the other.
The consequences of bad communication in the family can be conflicts and divorces, which cause great social harm to society. The fewer divorces in families, the healthier the society.
Thus, society directly depends on the health of the family, just as the health of the family depends on society.
The family helps to reveal the creative potential of the individual, contributes to its creative self-realization. It does not allow a person to forget about values of a different kind. And it is natural that “in general, people who are married are happier than those who are not married (not married), divorced or single as a result of the death of one of the spouses.”
Marriage, from the point of view of the social reproduction of society and its moral purity, is the most ingenious invention of mankind. According to Christian morality real love begins only in marriage, where the individual is completely liberated and trusted to another.
The family is an integral unit of society, and it is impossible to reduce its importance. Not a single nation, not a single civilized society could do without a family. The foreseeable future of society is also not conceivable without a family. For every person, the family is the beginning of the beginning. Almost every person associates the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family: happy is the one who is happy in his home e. The family is both the result and, to an even greater extent, the creator of civilization.
The family is the most important source of social and economic development of society. It produces the main social wealth - man.
List of used literature
1. Antonov A.I., Medkov V.M. Sociology of the family. - M., 2010.
2. Markovich D. "General Sociology", R-on-Don, 2012.
3. Osipov G.V., Kovalenko Yu.P. "Sociology", M., 2012.
4. Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. Sociology. - M., 2014.
5. Family: 500 questions and answers / Ed.-comp. L.V. Proshina. - M., 2010.
6. Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. - M., 2013.
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The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that the study of family and marriage is one of the most important tasks facing sociology. In any type of society, virtually every member comes from a family, and in any society, the vast majority of adults are, or have been, married. Marriage is one of
social institutions ,
which have become very widespread, although in different cultures the forms of marriage and family (as well as other aspects of social life) differ quite significantly. What's happened family, her relationships with other relatives, her choice of spouses, the relationship between marriage and sexuality all vary widely. In this chapter, we will look at some of these differences and show how they can help in studying the characteristics of family life, forms of marriage and divorce in modern Western society. The family is an integral unit of society, and it is impossible to reduce its importance. Not a single nation, not a single civilized society could do without a family. The foreseeable future of society is also not conceivable without a family. For every person, the family is the beginning of the beginning. Almost every person associates the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family: happy is the one who is happy in his home.
The classical definition of a family says that a family is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage, parenthood and kinship, common life, a common budget and mutual moral responsibility.
The family is a cell (small social group) of society, the most important form of organizing personal life, based on marital union and family ties, i.e. relations between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, and other relatives living together and leading a common household on the basis of a single family budget. Family life is characterized by material and spiritual processes. Through the family, generations of people are replaced, a person is born in it, the race continues through it. The family, its forms and functions directly depend on social relations in general, as well as on the level of cultural development of society. Naturally, the higher the culture of society, therefore, the higher the culture of the family. The concept of family should not be confused with the concept of marriage.
Life in a family is impossible without communication in it, communication between husband and wife, between parents and children in the process of everyday relationships. Communication in the family is the relationship of family members to each other and their interaction, the exchange of information between them, their spiritual contact.
The main purpose of the family is the satisfaction of social, group and individual needs. As a social cell of society, the family satisfies a number of its most important needs, including in the reproduction of the population. At the same time, it satisfies the personal needs of each of its members, as well as general family (group) needs.
Marriage can be defined as a socially accepted and approved sexual union between two adults. Married individuals become related to each other, but their marital obligations bind a much wider circle of people by kinship ties. Upon marriage, parents, brothers, sisters and other blood relatives of one party become relatives of the opposite party.
Work tasks:
- give the concept of the family and characterize the main functions of the family as the most important social institution;
- to give a typology of the modern family;
- to consider the main stages of social work of the family.
The family is one of the most ancient social institutions. It arose much earlier than religion, state, army, education, market.
Thinkers of the past approached the definition of the nature and essence of the family in different ways. One of the first attempts to determine the nature of marriage and family relations belongs to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. He considered the patriarchal family to be an invariable, initial social cell, since states arise as a result of the union of families. However, Plato was not consistent in his views on the family. In the projects of the “Ideal State”, in order to achieve social cohesion, he proposed the introduction of a community of wives, children and property. This idea was not new. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus in his famous "History" notes that the community of women was a hallmark of a number of tribes. Such information is found throughout the ancient era.
Aristotle, criticizing the projects of the "Ideal State", develops Plato's idea of the patriarchal family as the initial and main unit of society. At the same time, families form "villages", and the combination of "villages" - the state.
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, developing the problems of moral and civil philosophy, refuted the point of view on marriage as something unclean, devoid of holiness, wishing to return to the earthly institution of marriage its spiritual value.
The French educator Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote: “The oldest of all societies and the only natural one is the family. Thus, the family is, if you like, the prototype of political societies…” 1 .
Philosophers of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and partly even modern times derive social relations from family relations, focus on the relationship of the family to the state, and not on characterizing it as a special social institution. To a certain extent, these views were shared even by the German philosophers Kant and Hegel.
Kant saw the basis of the family in the legal order, and Hegel in the absolute idea. Note that scientists who recognize the eternity and originality of monogamy actually equate the concepts of "marriage" and "family", the differences between them are reduced to a formal beginning. Of course, there is a close relationship between the concepts of "marriage" and "family". Not without reason in the literature of the past, and sometimes of the present, they are often used as synonyms. However, in the essence of these concepts there is not only a general, but also a lot of special, specific. So, scientists have convincingly proved that marriage and the family arose in different historical periods. Modern sociologists define marriage as a historically changing social form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their marital and parental rights and obligations.
The family is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since, as a rule, it unites not only spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives or just those close to spouses and the people they need.
The existence of the family, like all social institutions, is determined by social needs. Like all social institutions, the family is a system of actions and relationships necessary for the existence and development of society. “A family is a small social group whose members are united by marriage or consanguinity, common life, mutual assistance, and mutual and moral responsibility” 1 .
Through the family, the unity of social and natural in a person, social and biological heredity is most fully expressed. In its essence, the family is the primary link between nature and society, the material and spiritual aspects of people's life.
The life cycle of a family - a sequence of significant, milestone events in the existence of a family - begins with marriage and ends with its dissolution, that is, divorce. Undivorced spouses going through all stages life cycle, served scientists as an ideal type for highlighting the stages of the family life cycle. It is much more difficult to build a life cycle diagram for spouses who have divorced several times and created repeated families.
In short, the life cycle of a family is as follows. Marriage is the first or initial stage of the family. After some time, the young spouses have their first child. This phase continues from the moment of marriage to the birth of the last child and is called the stage of family growth.
The second stage begins from the moment the last child is born and continues until the time when the first adult child, who has acquired his own family, moves out of the parental family.
At the third stage, the process of resettling adult children continues. It can be very long if the children are born at long intervals, and very short if the children following one after another by year of birth leave the family in turn. It is called the "mature" phase. At this time, the first settled children have their own children and the parental family often turns into a place where grandchildren are brought up.
The fourth stage is the stage of loneliness in old age, or the stage of “fading”. It ends with the death of one or both spouses.
The final stage of the life cycle, as it were, repeats the first one - the married couple is left alone with themselves. The difference is only in age - in the beginning they are a young couple, and now they are old.
There are two main types of family - extended (or multi-generational), it is also called
traditional (classical) and modern nuclear
(two-generation) family.
The family is called nuclear because the demographic core of the family responsible for the reproduction of new generations is the parents and their children. They constitute the biological, social and economic center of any family. All other relatives belong to the periphery of the family. If they all live together, then the family is called
extended. It expands at the expense of 3-4 generations of direct relatives. The nuclear family can be complete or incomplete. A complete family is a family in which there are two spouses, an incomplete family is a family in which one of the spouses is missing. It should be noted that the nuclear family is possible in those societies where adult children have the opportunity after marriage to live separately from the parental family.
There is also a parental family, or family of origin, and procreational, or newly formed (it is created by adult children).
According to the number of children, the childless are distinguished ,
one-child and large families. According to the criterion of domination in the family of a husband or wife, patriarchal and matriarchal families are distinguished, and according to the criterion of leadership - paternal (the head of the family is a man), material (the head of the family is a woman) and
equalitarian
(both spouses are equally considered the head of the family).
Also, modern families differ in other ways: by the number of employed family members, by the number of children under 18, by types of housing, size of living space, by type of settlement, by ethnic composition, etc.
The family can be seen as a social institution, and as a family group that performs a specific social task.
We can distinguish the following main functions of the family that contribute to the implementation of this task:
Incomplete families, including functionally incomplete families in which there are two parents, but various reasons leave them little time for the family (identified through schools, kindergartens, institutions of additional education);
Families where relations between parents are tense or an application for divorce has been filed (track through the registry office, “Family” centers). Particular attention should be paid to a family with one child, because. according to research by J. Wallerstein, the only child is most vulnerable in the event of a family breakdown;
Families with a recent death of a relative (A.K. Beck, G. Brown), because negative consequences are reflected in the development of the individual and can result in depression. (search for families through the registry office, individual work).
In accordance with this, three related tasks of "early intervention" can be formulated:
Systematic monitoring of the status and condition of the family, the dynamics of its interpersonal and social relations in the process of patronage work (implementation of technology on the basis of the Family Center);
Creation of socio-psychological conditions for overcoming family conflict and crisis conditions. (consulting and therapeutic groups at social institutions for parents, work with children in educational institutions). The solution of this problem assumes that the interaction is built according to flexible schemes, changing depending on the actually observed family relations;
- creation of special conditions for providing assistance and support to the family as a whole or to those of its members who have problems of a psychological, physical or social nature. To solve this problem, the temporary placement of children in family educational groups is especially effective. This makes it possible to implement rehabilitation technology in relation to children during the required period of time. At the same time, specialists work with parents, provide the necessary assistance and support.
There are various models of family assistance that a social educator can use to improve the educational function of the family, depending on the nature of the causes that cause problems in parent-child and marital relations: pedagogical, social, psychological (psychotherapeutic), diagnostic, medical.
To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to familiarize yourself with the algorithm proposed below for working with a dysfunctional family, at all stages of the implementation of which the active intervention of specialists is necessary.
The stage is organizational. The main method of work at this stage is peer review. It is aimed at clarifying the degree of need for intervention in the family problem. Experts have identified some criteria by which it can be determined that changes in the family are necessary:
There is no clear family structure (it is not known what type of relationship is authoritarian or democratic, the role functions of family members, who is involved in raising children, relationships between spouses);
There are inadequate or incorrect boundaries between the family and the outside world, between representatives of different generations (there is no authority of elders, children perform "adult duties";
There is a disintegration of the hierarchy (there is no authority of parents, respect for each other);
Creation of an erroneous system of relationships (for example, in a divorce, the daughter begins to independently manage the household instead of the mother, or the son plays the role of “head of the family”).
When determining the need for intervention, the first thing that specialists should pay attention to is the study of the family environment, the relationships of family members, family history, while focusing on the moment the problem arose (causes, time period). At the same time, there is a gradual shift in analysis to periods of successful overcoming of conflicts and crises by the family.
The stage is functional. Family resources are being mobilized. In psychological terms, the task is the normalization of family relations - the acceptance by parents of their own parents, each other and the child. During this period, a family rehabilitation environment is created for the child - work with specialists either within the family (visits, conversations) or outside it, within the framework of a specialized institution for minors when organizing visits by relatives, identifying the desire and possibility of returning to the family. In social terms, if necessary, labor activation of family members is possible (employment, stabilization of earnings, activation of the role of parents). At the same time, upon request, the family is provided with targeted social (household, material, financial) assistance, assistance in organizing treatment (in the presence of serious illnesses, alcohol and drug addiction).
After that, research and elimination of conflicts in the development of the family is carried out - this process involves the desire and active participation of family members - the object of influence. the basis of preventive and corrective work is the formation of skills and values healthy lifestyle life. here we can talk about secondary prevention - prevention of recurrence of the occurrence of such problematic situations.
Control. The dynamics of family development is revealed - the financial situation, living conditions, relationships between family members are studied. In addition, during the required period of time (determined by specialists), family patronage is carried out in order to confirm and consolidate positive changes. At this stage, the family, which has not yet been removed from the "risk group", moves on to rehabilitation self-development by building up their own potential, receiving regular social assistance.
At all stages, in parallel with the social process, the work algorithm includes the organization of a system for monitoring the development of a dysfunctional family, determining the forms and methods of prevention and correction. This allows not only to study the effectiveness of working with a particular family, to implement an interdepartmental approach to the rehabilitation process, but also to create a bank of problem situations that allows you to develop an algorithm of work in relation to the type of a particular situation, and focusing on a particular family, select forms and methods of work.
Specialists have identified several models for organizing work with dysfunctional families, namely 1:
Diagnostic- is based on the assumption of a lack of knowledge about the child or his family. The object of diagnosis is the socio-psychological climate of intra-family communications, i.e., the diagnosis of the “family-children” system. The diagnostic conclusion can serve as a basis for making organizational decisions. Diagnostic methods: questionnaires, conversations, tests aimed at identifying intra-family problems; Pedagogical— is based on the hypothesis of lack of pedagogical competence of parents. The object of the complaint is a child. The consultant, together with the parent, analyzes the situation, outlines a program to improve the pedagogical competence of the parent, focusing on methods of education that are universal from the point of view of pedagogy and psychology. If the parent himself is the cause of the trouble, then this possibility is not openly considered. Methods for increasing the pedagogical competence of parents: day / week, month / of legal knowledge, parent meetings, lectures, seminars, trainings for parents, speeches by narrow specialists / inspector of the IDN, psychologist, psychoneurologist, inspector for the protection of children's rights /; Social- is used in cases where family trouble is associated with the action of a sociogenic factor. In these cases, in addition to the analysis of the situation and recommendations, it is necessary to intervene by external forces, involving social protection agencies, formalizing guardianship and guardianship, organizing socially significant activities, etc.; Medical- suggests that the basis of family trouble is the illness of one of the family members. The task of counseling is to clarify the diagnosis, treat and adapt healthy family members to the patient. Forms of assistance: social and medical support of the child, interaction with health authorities to solve the problems of treatment and rehabilitation of the child, the system of dispensaries and sanatoriums; Psychological- is used when the causes of the child's ill-being lie in the field of communication, personal characteristics of family members. It involves an analysis of the situation, psychodiagnostics of the personality, diagnostics of the family, psychotraining to solve family problems. Practical assistance consists in overcoming communication barriers, the reasons for their appearance, and the correction of intra-family communications.
Social and pedagogical work is aimed at strengthening and developing, restoring the internal potential of the family to perform its numerous socially significant functions. The ultimate goal of social and pedagogical assistance is that the family overcomes its disorganization and the resulting deviations in the behavior of family members and is able to recognize and independently resolve emerging problems before they worsen. 1 .
Social and pedagogical assistance to the family is characterized by a focus on environment. Work is carried out not only with family members, but also with its immediate environment. Social and pedagogical support may be necessary for any family, although to varying degrees. Particularly in need of assistance are passive families (with a focus on dependency, with low mobility and underdevelopment of adaptive abilities). They have little potential of their own to resolve crises.
The implementation of the social policy of the state in relation to the family involves the activities of specialists from social institutions (OVD, KDN, PDN, social protection, guardianship and guardianship authorities, educational institutions, public associations, etc.) in various areas:
promotion of family adaptation to changing socio-economic conditions; improvement of its economic and social situation;
targeted support for low-income and socially vulnerable categories of families;
identifying families with medical and social problems and providing the necessary medical care;
social and legal protection of the family and social rehabilitation of children and adolescents with deviant behavior;
rehabilitation of children from the social risk group;
prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency;
diagnosing, analyzing and predicting the integral socio-psychological characteristics of family development and its influence on the processes of teaching and raising children (psychological climate, public opinion, sociometric structure, leadership);
assistance in the implementation of the main humanistic approaches to the development and education of the individual in the family: age-related (taking into account age-related characteristics), individual (taking into account individual characteristics), differentiated (taking into account significant criteria of life), personal (reliance on the manifestation of subjectivity, self-awareness);
informing the family about topical social-psychological-pedagogical problems through the work of lecture halls, social-psychological-pedagogical services of various organizations and institutions;
pedagogical and socio-psychological prevention of the emergence and development of deviant behavior and personal destructiveness of family members;
establishing a family connection with other teams, organizations and social institutions that provide resources, support opportunities;
assistance in organizing family leisure, etc.
Each of the above directions has its own potential in solving the problems of the family and society as a whole. Success in solving them largely depends on the creation of a system that includes the family, educational institutions, administrative bodies, state and non-state centers for working with children and adolescents, focused on caring for children, on their upbringing, education, prevention and overcoming deviant behavior. Improving the quality of socio-pedagogical work with the family society is possible with the coordinated activities of all social institutions, while the social teacher must take on the role of coordinator, link between them.
CONCLUSION
So, the family is one of the most ancient social institutions. It arose much earlier than religion, state, army, education, market. The family is the only and indispensable producer of the person himself, the continuation of the family. But, unfortunately, it performs this main function with failures. And it depends not only on her, but also on society. The family arises from the need to satisfy the personal needs and interests of individuals. Being a part of society, it connects them with the public interest. Personal needs are organized on the basis of socially accepted norms, values, patterns of behavior, and it often happens that the unceremonious interference of society in the life of a family destroys it and the life of its constituents, brings it to a beggarly existence.
The reasons for the decline in the birth rate up to the small number of children are generated by the extra-family nature of industrial civilization. They are associated with the loss of families, first of all, of a production function, and then of a number of others (transfer of experience from parents to children, parents' power over children, provision in old age, etc.). Neither the nature of work nor the remuneration for work now depend on the presence of children, nor on the presence of a family in general. Rather, the opposite: small children win in everything before those with many children.
Speaking about the creation by the state of the necessary conditions for the development of the family, it is important to determine the main functions and obligations of the state in relation to the family: the protection of the family, protection from unreasonable interference in its affairs.
In modern conditions, the protection of the family is elevated to the rank of state policy through the guaranteed right to work of every person, every family. The effective use of the labor potential of young families is one of the most important ways of the current stage of the state's social policy. It is the younger generation that is practically the only source of replenishment of the labor force in the state.
An equally important area of strengthening the family is government measures directly aimed at stimulating the birth rate, protecting motherhood and childhood, and maintaining a healthy family. The purpose and expediency of demographic policy is to proportionally combine reproduction, the birth of children and the parents' own life in the family, taking into account the social qualities and harmonious development of the personalities of parents and children.
Kharchev A.G., Matskovsky M.S. Modern family and its problems. M., 1978.
The reproductive function performs two main tasks: social - biological reproduction of the population, and individual - satisfaction of the need for children. It is based on the satisfaction of physiological and sexual needs that encourage people of opposite sexes to unite in a family union. The fulfillment of this function by the family depends on the totality of social relations.
Both adults and children are brought up in the family. Of particular importance is its impact on the younger generation. Therefore, the educational function of the family has three aspects. The first one is the formation of the child's personality, the development of his abilities and interests, the transfer to children by adult family members (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother, etc.) of the social experience accumulated by society, the enrichment of their intellect, aesthetic development, the promotion of their physical improvement, health promotion and development skills of sanitary and hygienic culture. The second aspect - the family has a huge impact on the development of the personality of each of its members throughout his life. The third aspect is the constant influence of children on their parents (and other adult family members), which encourages them to actively engage in self-education.
Performing an economic function, the family provides strong economic ties between its members, supports financially minor and disabled members of society, provides assistance and support to those family members who have material and financial difficulties.
The recovery function is aimed at restoring and strengthening the physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual forces of a person after a hard working day. In a normally functioning society, the realization of this function of the family is facilitated by a reduction in the total duration of the working week, an increase in free time, and an increase in real incomes.
The purpose of the regulatory function is to regulate and streamline relations between the sexes, maintain the family organism in a stable state, ensure the optimal rhythm of its functioning and development, and exercise primary control over the observance by family members of social norms of personal, group and social life.
The family as a social community is the primary element that mediates the connection of the individual with society: it forms the child's idea of social ties and includes him in them from birth. Hence the next most important function of the family is the socialization of the individual.
Sociologists have attached and attach increasing importance to the communicative function of the family.
The leisure function carries out the organization of rational leisure and exercises control in the field of leisure, in addition, it satisfies certain needs of the individual in spending leisure time.
The social status function is associated with the reproduction of the social structure of society, as it provides (transfers) a certain social status to family members.
The emotional function involves obtaining emotional support, psychological protection, as well as emotional stabilization of individuals and their psychological therapy.
The function of spiritual communication involves the development of the personalities of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment.
The sexual function of the family exercises sexual control and is aimed at satisfying the sexual needs of the spouses.
In the 20th century, a decrease in the educational role of the family was found in industrialized, developed countries in connection with the crisis of the family and family lifestyle in the course of certain processes:
the process of nuclearization - the separation of generations in the family, the spread of a nuclear, two-generation family, which consists of parents and children, when they grow up, they move away from their parents;
The process of conjugalization is the reduction of the unity of family life, the unity of "kinship - parenthood - matrimony" to marital partnership and sex, that is, to such relationships that involve minimizing family-parental ties;
the process of individualization is the shift of the center of communication from joint marriage to forms of extra-family and extra-marital lifestyle.
In the second half of the 20th century, the system of factors associated with the "modernization" of industrialized countries led to a number of negative trends, indicating a deep crisis in the institution of the family. The social order has eliminated the value pillars of family parenthood, extinguishing the desire of the family to have multiple children.
Family crisis processes have been observed in Russia since the late 1960s. They are still observed. Considering the educational role of the family in Russia, one cannot but take into account the global trends in the weakening of the institution of the family. But, the analysis of the educational impact of the Russian family on new generations is complicated by the action of specific factors.
The accelerated urbanization and industrialization of the Russian Federation led to a sharp deformation of the family structure, to the replacement of a three-generation rural family by an urban two-generation family. At the same time, the state-supported transfer of the socializing functions of the family to specialized institutions of upbringing and education (children's preschool institutions, schools, boarding schools, etc.) was of key importance.
The previously unified family authority disintegrated into a number of contradictory "socialization authorities", and underwent a multi-stage splitting. In this regard, a constant source of conflict socialization of youth has been created, which finds various forms in accordance with historical times and changing living conditions. The manifestation of this conflict can be seen in the inconsistency of educational actions - from violation of socio-cultural behavior to social pathology (escape from one's self, suicide, violence, delinquency). Criminal forms of conflict socialization force the creation of institutions for the repeated, forcibly socialization of minors.
All currently known substitutes for family education are targeted, specializing in the goals of raising children. The functioning of organizations with a certain charter and staff is built around these goals, which inevitably leads to the emergence of informal structures that oppose the formal one (in the army - "old men" and "salagas").
Family socialization is devoid of this confrontation between formal and informal structures, since the family is not a target formal organization and intra-family roles include certain rights and obligations in the household and family production.
The splitting of family authority was revealed initially in the breakup of the extended family into a number of nuclear families and in the split of the authority of the head of the extended family into a number of authorities of the heads of nuclear families. Migration from villages to cities, to urban communal apartments, contributed to the separation of adult children and their parents. This contributed to the disruption of the family continuity of generations, the alienation, isolation of new generations from the older ones.
The urbanization of the country contributed to the consolidation of this trend, new cities and towns arose around the factories and combines under construction. Housing constraints have disrupted family ties, leaving the nuclear family surrounded by "foreign" people. This contrasts sharply with the intensity of family-related and neighborly contacts in the countryside, where everyone knows each other. The city, accustoming people to constant contacts in transport, shops, creates a background of alienation of people from each other, the phenomenon of the absence of people when they come into contact. This urban feature is psychologically very dangerous as a basis for criminal behavior. Only the socio-psychological characteristics of the family make it possible to form in the individual the ability to switch from the code of impersonal interaction to the code of personal communication without any deviation from generally accepted norms. The split in family authority, especially sharp in urban families, exacerbates the tendency for the rising generations to behave deviantly among the “strangers”.
A split in family authority also occurs with the destruction of family production as an arena for joint activities of parents and children, as an arena for labor education and the formation of family dynasties according to their professional orientation. In family housekeeping, no one feels like a laborer, a hired hand, and the family authority of parents is strengthened thanks to their professional skills transmitted in the learning process. The absence of a family-wide business deprives family members of the feeling of the master of their lives, self-respect and dignity. Only parents who have free professions, engaged in creativity within the walls of the house, are able to inherit their professional knowledge and skills - only a few in the conditions of capitalist mercenarism are able to create family dynasties of artists, artists, writers, musicians. These few exceptions confirm the great importance of the joint family work of parents and children as a leading factor in the full socialization of offspring and maintaining a high level of family authority.
Another point associated with the disruption of family production by capitalist industrialization is the lengthening of the period of socialization. Many consider the socialization of young people under 25 years of age a sign of progress, in connection with this, the labor education of children is met with hostility, it is declared the exploitation of children. Here are the roots of the prohibitions on labor of minors, even with their parents, since labor is initially thought to be outside the family and is such. As a result, parents are left with the opportunity to prove themselves as educators not in a serious matter, but during recreation and tourism. Delaying study and apprenticeship without real work puts adolescents in the position of under-adults, socially not recognized by adults. The postponement of social recognition sharply opposes the process of acceleration - the accelerated development of physical and sexual education. From here comes a heap of acute social problems of motherhood of minors, sexual permissiveness, group sex. Early marriages as an attempt to acquire the status of socialized adulthood during a period of protracted apprenticeship and, as a result, an increase in divorce due to social unpreparedness for parental roles - all this is a consequence of the gap between social and physical maturity, the lengthening of the socialization period due to the collapse of family authority due to collapse of family business.
Industrialization and the involvement of women in the system of state production lead to another kind of fragmentation of family authority. The employment of mothers outside the home puts mothers and fathers in a competitive position. Instead of the mutually complementary roles of mother and father in the family production system, instead of the unity of parental authority and the unity of parental influence on children and adolescents, the employment of women, which lowers the wages of men, has led to competition between husbands and wives in the labor market. Such conflicts could not but affect the family relations of fathers and mothers, which is the reason for the growth of divorces. The general family authority was fragmented into two parental authorities in opposition. Moreover, there was a decrease in the authority of the father, and an increase in the authority of the mother.
The involvement of women in production took place in the context of the existence of socio-cultural norms for the separation of male and female duties. The collapse of family production affected primarily men, urbanization consolidated the disappearance of those types of domestic work that were performed by men. But women were left with their former domestic roles, most closely associated with the function of motherhood. Hence the dominance of the mother in the household and in the family, complemented by a large pastime of the mother at home in connection with the benefits provided to mothers by the state for the care of children. These benefits gave rise to a kind of system of matriarchy.
The bias of family authority towards the role of the mother is also due to the preponderance of female generations over male generations in the first post-war decade. The spread of single mothers contributed to strengthening the social recognition of alternative families with one parent, the legitimacy of the status of single mothers.
Thus, over the course of several decades, the structure of parental authority inherent in the extended family has radically transformed, narrowing down to the family authority of the nuclear family, which, moreover, is deprived of the labor cooperation of parents and children and burdened with the need for long-term care due to the prolongation of the period of socialization; finally, the narrowed authority of the family turned out to be fragmented into two contradictory authorities of the father and mother, with the strengthening of the latter.